Arrhenatherum elatius

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Distribution

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Avena tuberosa Gilib.:
France (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Holcus avenaceus Scop.:
Austria (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Arrhenatherum elatius fo. biaristatum (Peterm.) Holmb.:
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Voss, E. G. 1972. Gymnosperms and Monocots. i–xv, 1–488. In Michigan Fl. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.

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Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) Mert. & W.D.J. Koch:
Canada (North America)
United States (North America)
Chile (South America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Marticorena, C. & M. Quezada. 1985. Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Chile. Gayana, Bot. 42: 1–157.
Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York.
Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
Voss, E. G. 1972. Gymnosperms and Monocots. i–xv, 1–488. In Michigan Fl. Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan.
Gleason, H. A. & A. J. Cronquist. 1968. The Pteridophytoa, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledoneae. 1: 1–482. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.

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Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Arrhenatherum rupestre Dumort.:
Belgium (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Arrhenatherum rivulare Opiz:
Austria (Europe)
Hungary (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Arrhenatherum elatius var. versicolor Schur:
Hungary (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Arrhenatherum elatius var. submuticum Gray:
United Kingdom (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Arrhenatherum elatius var. precatorium Bréb.:
France (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Arrhenatherum elatius (L.) P. Beauv. ex J. Presl & C. Presl:
Argentina (South America)
Australia (Oceania)
Brazil (South America)
Canada (North America)
Chile (South America)
Ecuador (South America)
India (Asia)
Mexico (Mesoamerica)
Russian Federation (Asia)
Uruguay (South America)
United States (North America)
South Africa (Africa & Madagascar)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Forzza, R. C. & et al. 2010. 2010 Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/.
Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
Soreng, R. J., G. Davidse, P. M. Peterson, F. O. Zuloaga, E. J. Judziewicz, T. S. Filgueiras & O. Morrone. 2003 and onwards. On-line taxonomic novelties and updates, distributional additions and corrections, and editorial changes since the four published volumes of the Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae) published in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. vols. 39, 41, 46, and 48. http://www.tropicos.org/Project/CNWG:. In R. J. Soreng, G. Davidse, P. M. Peterson, F. O. Zuloaga, T. S. Filgueiras, E. J. Judziewicz & O. Morrone Internet Cat. New World Grasses. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
Beetle, A. A. 1983. Gram. México 1: 1–260. Secretaria de Agricultura y Recursos Hidraulícos: COTECOCA, México.
Moore, D. M. 1983. Fl. Tierra del Fuego 396 pp. A. Nelson; Missouri Botanical Garden, Oswestry; St. Louis.
Nicora, E. G., M. E. D. Paula, A. M. Faggi, M. d. Mariano, A. M. M. A., L. R. Parodi, C. A. Petetin, F. A. Roig & Z. R. Agrasar. 1978. Gramineae. 8(3): 1–583. In M. N. Correa Fl. Patagónica. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires.
Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. Welman, E. Reitief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. v. Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southern African plants. Mem. Bot. Surv. S. Africa 2(1–2): 1–152(pt. 1), 1–270(pt. 2).
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez. (eds.) 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: i–viii, 1–1181.
Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
Hickman, J. C. 1993. Jepson Man.: Higher Pl. Calif. i–xvii, 1–1400. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1979. Aquatic Wetland Pl. S.E. U.S. Monocot. 1–712. The University of Georgia Press, Athens.
Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2006. Fl. China 22: 1–733. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
Sharp, D. & B. K. Simon. 2002. AusGrass: Grasses of Australia. CD-ROM, Version 1.0. CD–ROM.
Bor, N. L. 1960. Grass. Burma, Ceylon, India & Pakistan i–xviii, 1–767. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Smith, L. B., D. C. Wasshausen & R. M. Klein. 1982. Gramíneas. Gêneros: 45. Deschampsia até 84. Pseudechinolaena. 1(GRAM): 443–906. In R. Reitz Fl. Il. Catarin. Herbário "Barbarosa Rodrigues", Itajaí, Brasil.
Rosengurtt, B., B. R. A. Maffei & P. I. Artucio. 1970. Gram. Urug. [i–vii], 1–489. Universidad de la República, Montevideo.
Cabrera, A. L. 1970. Gramíneas. 4(2): 1–624. In A. L. Cabrera Fl. Prov. Buenos Aires. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Buenos Aires.
Soreng, R. J. 2003. Arrhenatherum. In Catalogue of New World Grasses (Poaceae): IV. Subfamily Pooideae. Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 48: 119–121.
Cronquist, A. J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren & Reveal. 1977. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 6: 1–584. In A. J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.

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Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Arrhenatherum cechicum Opiz:
Austria (Europe)
Hungary (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Arrhenatherum biaristatum Peterm.:
Germany (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Arrhenatherum asperum Opiz:
Austria (Europe)
Hungary (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Arrhenatherum almijarense Gand.:
Spain (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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National Distribution

United States

Origin: Exotic

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Unknown/Undetermined

Confidence: Confident

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National Distribution

Canada

Origin: Exotic

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Unknown/Undetermined

Confidence: Confident

United States

Origin: Exotic

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Unknown/Undetermined

Confidence: Confident

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Distribution and adaptation

Introduced from Europe in the early 1800s, tall oatgrass has become naturalized in meadows, fields, open ground, waste places, and roadsides from Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Georgia, Louisiana, New Mexico, and California. For a current distribution map, please consult the Plant Profile page for this species on the PLANTS Web site.

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Morphology

Physical Description

Perennials, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Rhizomes present, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems geniculate, decumbent, or lax, sometimes rooting at nodes, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stem internodes hollow, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems with inflorescence 1-2 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly cauline, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blades mostly glabrous, Leaf blades scabrous, roughened, or wrinkled, Ligule present, Ligule an unfringed eciliate membrane, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence an open panicle, openly paniculate, branches spreading, Inflorescence a contracted panicle, narrowly paniculate, branches appressed or ascending, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule , head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence branches more than 10 to numerous, Flowers bisexual, Flowers unisexual, Spikelets laterally compressed, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 2 florets, Spikelet with one perfect floret and one staminate floret, Spikelets solitary at rachis nodes, Spikelets in paired units, 1 sessile, 1 pedicellate, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes, glumes persistent, Rachilla or pedicel hairy, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes distinctly unequal, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glume equal to or longer than spikelet, Glumes 1 nerved, Glumes 3 nerved, Lemma coriaceous, firmer or thicker in texture than the glumes, Lemma 5-7 nerved, Lemma body or surface hairy, Lemma apex acute or acuminate, Lemma distinctly awned, more than 2-3 mm, Lemma with 1 awn, Lemma awn less than 1 cm long, Lemma awn 1-2 cm long, Lemma awn subapical or dorsal, Lemma awns straight or curved to base, Lemma awn once geniculate, bent once, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Palea present, well developed, Palea membranous, hyaline, Palea about equal to lemma, Palea 2 nerved or 2 keeled, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis.

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Description

Culms erect or geniculate at base, rather stout, 1–1.5 m tall, 4–5-noded. Leaf sheaths loose, glabrous; leaf blades 14–30 cm, 3–9 mm wide, scabrid or abaxial surface smooth, apex acuminate; ligule 1–3 mm, obtuse or truncate. Panicle lanceolate to oblong in outline, loose to rather dense, 10–25 cm, greenish or purplish, shining; branches clustered,scabrid. Spikelets oblong, 7–9 mm, florets separated by short rachilla internode not more than 0.6 mm; glumes lanceolate, apex acute; lower glume 4–6 mm, upper glume equal to spikelet, punctiform scabrid; lemmas oblong-lanceolate, 7–9 mm, sparsely pubescent in lower 1/3 or glabrous, scabrid in upper 1/3; awn of lower lemma 1–2 cm, arising from lower 1/3 of lemma back; awn of upper lemma 1–2 mm, arising above middle or near apex. Anthers 4–5 mm. 2n = 28.

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Habitat

Habitat & Distribution

Introduced to China as an ornamental garden plant and for forage [native to Russia; N Africa, SW Asia, Europe; introduced to Australia and North America].

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Dispersal

Establishment

Tall oatgrass is easily established, adapted to excessively drained low fertility soils, and compatible with legumes. A firm, weed-free seedbed is necessary for good stands. Spring seedings produce best results as the seedlings are not winter hardy. Seeding rates should range from 5 to 8 pounds pure live seed using hulled seed. Seed should be planted approximately 1/4 inch deep and cultipacked.

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Associations

Foodplant / miner
larva of Agromyza nigrociliata mines leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius

Foodplant / miner
solitary larva of Agromyza rondensis mines leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Albotricha acutipila is saprobic on dead stem of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 4-8

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Albotricha albotestacea is saprobic on dead stem of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 2-8

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Arthrinium dematiaceous anamorph of Arthrinium phaeospermum is saprobic on dead stem of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: esp. 7-8

Foodplant / spot causer
gregarious, with smoky-brown pore pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph of Ascochyta graminicola causes spots on fading leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: late summer

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Bisporella scolochloae is saprobic on dead, on ground stem of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 7-8
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / parasite
Blumeria graminis parasitises live Arrhenatherum elatius

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Calameuta filiformis feeds within stem of Arrhenatherum elatius

Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Chromatomyia nigra may be found in leaf-mine of Arrhenatherum elatius

Foodplant / gall
stroma of Epichlo causes gall of stem of Arrhenatherum elatius

Foodplant / pathogen
immersed, mycelial matted perithecium of Gaeumannomyces graminis infects and damages dead leaf sheath (lower part) of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 3-10

Foodplant / pathogen
Fusarium anamorph of Gibberella zeae infects and damages spikelet of Arrhenatherum elatius
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Hymenoscyphus scutula is saprobic on dead stem of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 10-1

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Lachnum carneolum var. longisporum is saprobic on dead leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: (2-)6-8(-10)

Foodplant / saprobe
stalked apothecium of Lachnum palearum var. palearum is saprobic on dead stem of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 3-8

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Lachnum tenuissimum is saprobic on dead stem of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 5-8

Foodplant / saprobe
thyriothecium of Lichenopeltella alpestris is saprobic on dead stem of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 4-11

Foodplant / pathogen
pycnidium of Dilophospora coelomycetous anamorph of Lidophia graminis infects and damages live inflorescence of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 5-10, esp. 7

Plant / resting place / on
puparium of Liriomyza phryne may be found on leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / miner
larva of Liriomyza pusio mines leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
erumpent apothecium of Lophodermium culmigenum is saprobic on dead stem of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 3-8
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Tetraploa dematiaceous anamorph of Massarina tetraploa is saprobic on Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 1-12
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Mollisia palustris is saprobic on dead stem of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 3-9

Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Cercosporidium dematiaceous anamorph of Mycosphaerella recutita is saprobic on dead leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pycnidial anamorph of Ophiosphaerella herpotricha is saprobic on stem internode (basal) of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 3-7
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Periconia dematiaceous anamorph of Periconia minutissima is saprobic on dead leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 1-12

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pseudothecium of Phaeosphaeria fuckelii is saprobic on dead stem of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: spring, summer

Foodplant / saprobe
scattered, initially immersed pycnidium of Septoria anamorph of Phaeosphaeria nodorum is saprobic on dead stem (esp node) of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: spring, summer

Foodplant / saprobe
pycnidium of Hendersonia coelomycetous anamorph of Phaeosphaeria vagans is saprobic on dead stem of Arrhenatherum elatius

Foodplant / saprobe
perithecium of Phomatospora dinemasporium is saprobic on dead sheath of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 6-7

Foodplant / saprobe
immersed pseudothecium of Pleospora phaeocomoides is saprobic on dead stem of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 2-10

Foodplant / spot causer
immersed, crowded or in rows pycnidium of Pseudoseptoria coelomycetous anamorph of Pseudoseptoria donacis causes spots on sheath of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 5-7

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Psilachnum acutum is saprobic on dead leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 8-10
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Psilachnum eburneum is saprobic on dead leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 4-9

Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous telium of Puccinia coronata parasitises live leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: mid 8-

Foodplant / parasite
amphigenous uredium of Puccinia graminis f.sp. avenae parasitises live leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius

Foodplant / spot causer
amphigenous, numerous, black pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph of Septoria bromi var. arrhenatheri causes spots on leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius

Foodplant / feeds on
scattered or gregarious, immersed, pallid brown pycnidium of Stagonospora coelomycetous anamorph of Stagonospora arrhenatheri feeds on culm of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 8

Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Helicosporium anamorph of Tubeufia paludosa is saprobic on dead leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: 3-11

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Typhula culmigena is saprobic on dead, decayed leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius

Foodplant / spot causer
long, linear, erumpent sorus of Urocystis agropyri causes spots on live, blistered, ribboned leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius

Foodplant / parasite
embedded sorus of Urocystis avenae-elatioris parasitises live leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / pathogen
sorus of Ustilago avenae infects and damages live ovary of Arrhenatherum elatius
Remarks: season: early 6+
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / spot causer
long, linear, erumpent sorus of Ustilago striiformis causes spots on live, blistered, ribboned leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius

Foodplant / parasite
embedded sorus of Ustilentyloma brefeldii parasitises live leaf of Arrhenatherum elatius

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Molecular Biology

Statistics of barcoding coverage: Arrhenatherum elatius

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 20
Specimens with Barcodes: 36
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Conservation Status

National NatureServe Conservation Status

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable

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NatureServe Conservation Status

Rounded Global Status Rank: TNR - Not Yet Ranked

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National NatureServe Conservation Status

Canada

Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable

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NatureServe Conservation Status

Rounded Global Status Rank: GNR - Not Yet Ranked

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Status

Please consult the PLANTS Web site and your State Department of Natural Resources for this plant’s current status (e.g. threatened or endangered species, state noxious status, and wetland indicator values).

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Threats

Pests and potential problems

Tall oatgrass is highly resistant to disease and insects.

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Management

Cultivars, improved and selected materials (and area of origin)

Seed is available from commercial seed producers.

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Management

Apply lime and fertilizer according to soil test results when seeding and for maintenance. Use of herbicides in the establishment year to control broadleaf weeds will improve success of the planting. Mow or graze for control in subsequent years.

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Benefits

Uses

Erosion control: Tall oatgrass is a useful conservation grass for cover and forage on surface mined lands and marginal pastureland.

Livestock: Tall oatgrass can be used for livestock forage beginning in its second growing season; however, it is not recommended as a major component of forage seedings as other grasses are superior for this purpose.

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