Utricularia gibba

"Notes: Plains to Mid Altitude, Aquatic"

"Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1 Year Assessed: 2010 Assessor/s: Anitha, K. Reviewer/s: Daniel, B.A., Rasingam, L., Raghavan, R., Gunaga, S. & Molur, S. Contributors: Molur, S. Justification: Utricularia gibba is cosmopolitan in distribution, with no known threats and is therefore considered as Least Concern. Conservation Actions: There is no conservation action known for the species. Research on ecology, life history and population dynamics of the species is recommended."

"Maharashtra: Pune, Ratnagiri Karnataka: Hassan, N. Kanara, S. Kanara Kerala: Alapuzha, Kasaragod, Kollam, Kozhikode, Thiruvananthapuram Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Kancheepuram, Thiruvallur, Tiruchchirappalli, Tirunelveli"

"

Global Distribution

Paleotropics

Indian distribution

State - Kerala, District/s: Alappuzha, Kozhikkode, Kollam, Kottayam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kasaragode, Thrissur

"

"Range Description: The species is cosmopolitan in distribution. The plant occurs in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Nepal and USA (Cook 1996). In India it is reported from Andaman and Nicobar, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Cook 1996). Countries - Native: Bangladesh; India (Andaman Is., Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nicobar Is., Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal); Myanmar; Nepal; Sri Lanka; United States (Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin)"

Libyan Desert Oases, Nubian Desert Oases.

Portugal, Spain, North and tropical Africa, Madagascar, tropical Asia, northern Australia, New Zealand.

Utricularia secunda Benj.:
Mexico (Mesoamerica)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Utricularia emarginata Benj.:
Mexico (Mesoamerica)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Utricularia aphylla Ruiz & Pav.:
Peru (South America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Utricularia pumila Walter:
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Utricularia gibba subsp. gibba :
Chile (South America)
South Africa (Africa & Madagascar)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Utricularia gibba subsp. exoleta (R. Br.) P. Taylor:
Madagascar (Africa & Madagascar)
South Africa (Africa & Madagascar)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Utricularia obtusa Sw.:
Argentina (South America)
Bolivia (South America)
Brazil (South America)
Ecuador (South America)
French Guiana (South America)
Honduras (Mesoamerica)
Mexico (Mesoamerica)
Panama (Mesoamerica)
United States (North America)
Peru (South America)
Paraguay (South America)
Uruguay (South America)
Caribbean (Caribbean)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Utricularia gibba L.:
Algeria (Africa & Madagascar)
Angola (Africa & Madagascar)
Argentina (South America)
Australia (Oceania)
Belize (Mesoamerica)
Canada (North America)
Burkina (Africa & Madagascar)
Burma (Asia)
Bolivia (South America)
Brazil (South America)
Central African Republic (Africa & Madagascar)
Botswana (Africa & Madagascar)
Mexico (Mesoamerica)
Honduras (Mesoamerica)
Guatemala (Mesoamerica)
Costa Rica (Mesoamerica)
El Salvador (Mesoamerica)
Ethiopia (Africa & Madagascar)
French Guiana (South America)
Gabon (Africa & Madagascar)
Ghana (Africa & Madagascar)
Guinea (Africa & Madagascar)
Guinea-Bissau (Africa & Madagascar)
Congo (Brazzaville) (Africa & Madagascar)
Cameroon (Africa & Madagascar)
Colombia (South America)
Guyana (South America)
Ecuador (South America)
Egypt (Africa & Madagascar)
Chad (Africa & Madagascar)
Hungary (Europe)
Ivory Coast (Africa & Madagascar)
Japan (Asia)
Java (Asia)
Kenya (Africa & Madagascar)
Liberia (Africa & Madagascar)
India (Asia)
Indonesia (Asia)
Venezuela (South America)
United States (North America)
Caribbean (Caribbean)
Namibia (Africa & Madagascar)
New Caledonia (Oceania)
Panama (Mesoamerica)
Peru (South America)
Philippines (Asia)
Portugal (Europe)
Malaysia (Asia)
Sierra Leone (Africa & Madagascar)
Rwanda (Africa & Madagascar)
Sudan (Africa & Madagascar)
Senegal (Africa & Madagascar)
Sri Lanka (Asia)
Sulawesi (Asia)
Suriname (South America)
Mali (Africa & Madagascar)
Morocco (Africa & Madagascar)
Madagascar (Africa & Madagascar)
Nigeria (Africa & Madagascar)
Nicaragua (Mesoamerica)
Nepal (Asia)
Niger (Africa & Madagascar)
New Guinea (Asia)
New Zealand (Oceania)
Mozambique (Africa & Madagascar)
Vietnam (Asia)
Zimbabwe (Africa & Madagascar)
Zambia (Africa & Madagascar)
Zaire (Africa & Madagascar)
Mauritius (Africa & Madagascar)
Paraguay (South America)
Spain (Europe)
Thailand (Asia)
Taiwan (Asia)
Tanzania (Africa & Madagascar)
Uganda (Africa & Madagascar)
Uruguay (South America)
Palau (Oceania)
Papua New Guinea (Asia)
China (Asia)
Borneo (Asia)
United Kingdom (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Utricularia fibrosa Walter:
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Utricularia biflora Roxb.:
China (Asia)
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Utricularia exoleta R. Br.:
Bangladesh (Asia)
India (Asia)
Japan (Asia)
Madagascar (Africa & Madagascar)
Philippines (Asia)
Sri Lanka (Asia)
China (Asia)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Utricularia longirostris Leconte ex Elliott:
Brazil (South America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Utricularia anomala A. St.-Hil. & Girard:
Brazil (South America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

The species is cosmopolitan in distribution. The plant occurs in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Nepal and USA (Cook 1996). In India it is reported from Andaman and Nicobar, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal (Cook 1996).

Canada

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

United States

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

Global Range: Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota, south to Florida, west to Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas; in the west, from British Columbia south to California (where it was probably introduced - Hickman 1993). Also in Mexico, Central and South America and the West Indies, including Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and the Bahamas. Also in the Old World (Africa, Asia).

W. Mediterranean, Old World tropics from W. Africa to Japan and Australia.

900-1600 m

"Herbs; rhizoids usually absent, if present up to 5 cm long, c 1 mm thick at base, fusiform, tapering towards apex, branches botryform; stolons up to 20 cm long, c. 0.2 mm thick; profusely branched. Foliar organs up to 1 cm long, simple or 1-3 times dichotomously divided from base or at a short distance from base; ultimate leaf segments few, slightly compressed or terete, sparsely setulose along margins. Traps up to 1.5 mm across, obliquely ovoid, replacing foliar segments or rarely on rhizoids; stalk evenly thickened; mouth lateral, oblique; appendages usually 2-or rarely more. Racemes 4-15 cm long, erect, solitary or fasciculate, glabrous, 1-3-flowered; scales absent or rarely 1-2, c 0.6 x 1 mm, basifixed, obovate to semiorbicular, truncate or slightly 3-lobed at apex; bracts 0.8-1 x 1-1.3 mm, transversely oblong, 5-nerved, truncate or denticulate at apex; flowers up to 7 mm long; pedicels 2-8 mm long terete, erect or suberect. Calyx-lobes subequal, obovate to ovate, rounded or truncate at apex; upper lobe c 1.4 x 1.3 mm; lower c 1.3 x 1.3 mm. Corolla yellow; upper lip c 3 x 3 mm, orbicular to ovate, truncate or rounded at apex; lower lip c 2.7 x 2.5 mm, orbicular to broadly ovate, bigibbous at base, rounded, truncate or rarely 3-lobed at apex; spur as long as lower lip, conical, glandular within, obtuse or notched at apex. Stamens c 1 mm long; filaments flat, curved; anther thecae distinct. Ovary globose; style small; stigma 2-lipped, lower lip larger and semiorbicular, upper lip obsolete or denticulate. Capsules c 3 mm across, globose, bivalvate; placenta c 2 mm across, globose, glabrous, pitted; seeds c 1 mm wide, lenticular, with a broad, irregular corky wing; hilum prominent; testa cells arranged radially."

Leaves alternate, all bearing bladders, without inflated petioles, branching mostly once (U. gibba sensu stricto, excluding U. biflora) or twice (sensu lato, including U. biflora), the ultimate segments terete and filiform. Corolla yellow, lower lip little if any longer than the upper. Flowers 1-3 (excluding U. biflora) or 1-4 (including U. biflora) per scape. Plant aquatic. See Radford et al. (1968), Gleason and Cronquist (1991), Great Plains Flora Association (1986).

"Habitat and Ecology: It is annual or perennial herb without roots. Affixed or planktonic, in humid regions sometimes growing terrestrially. Found in a very wide spectrum of aquatic habitats. Often very common but usually found growing intertwined between other plants. Frequent in rice fields but not harmful (Cook 1996). Utricularia gibba is an obligate wetland species. The species has been identified as a specialist invasive species and may out-compete native bladderworts in lowland wetland ecosystems in countries where it is introduced (ISSG 2006). Systems: Terrestrial; Freshwater List of Habitats: 5, 5.1, 5.2, 15, 15.7, 15.8"

Ditches and springs.

Habitat and Ecology

Systems

• Terrestrial
• Freshwater

Comments: Utricularia gibba and U. biflora: Shallow water: pools, ponds, ditches, canals, springheads (Fernald 1950, Gleason and Cronquist 1991, Godfrey and Wooten 1981, Great Plains Flora Association 1986, Hough 1983, Radford et al. 1968, Steyermark 1963). U. biflora also reported from swamps (Godfrey and Wooten 1981) and U. gibba from bogs (Fernald 1950, Hough 1983) and sloughs (Steyermark 1963). In Missouri, Steyermark (1963) writes of U. gibba, "often found floating in masses on mucky debris and organic detritus on the surface of upland sink-hole ponds in the Ozarks". In Puerto Rico, U. gibba is found "creeping on the bottom in shallow water at low elevations" (Liogier and Martorell 1982). In California (where it may be exotic) U. gibba is uncommon, occurring in shallow water and mud, below 1600 meters (Hickman 1993).

Note: For many non-migratory species, occurrences are roughly equivalent to populations.

Estimated Number of Occurrences: 81 to >300

Annual or perennial.

Reproduction is sexual, from perfect flowers. The flowers display specialization for insect pollination (Proctor and Yeo 1973). The seeds are probably water-dispersed.

The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 1
Specimens with Barcodes: 1
Species With Barcodes: 1

"Red List Category & Criteria: Least Concern ver 3.1 Year Assessed: 2010 Assessor/s: Anitha, K. Reviewer/s: Daniel, B.A., Rasingam, L., Raghavan, R., Gunaga, S. & Molur, S. Contributors: Molur, S. Justification: Utricularia gibba is cosmopolitan in distribution, with no known threats and is therefore considered as Least Concern. Conservation Actions: There is no conservation action known for the species. Research on ecology, life history and population dynamics of the species is recommended."

Year Assessed

Assessor/s

Reviewer/s

Contributor/s

Justification

Canada

Rounded National Status Rank: N4 - Apparently Secure

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure

Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure

Reasons: Widespread from tropical America, including the Caribbean, to southeastern Canada; also in the Old World. Common in parts of its range.

Population

Population Trend

Major Threats

Conservation Actions

Biological Research Needs: Sort out (understand) the current taxonomy: Kartesz (1994, 1999) lists U. biflora Lam., U. obtusa Sw., and U. pumila Walt. as synonyms of this species. (1) U. biflora has been treated separately in somewhat recent floras, but also as a synonym of U. gibba (Diggs et al. 1999; Wunderlin 1998; Hickman 1993). (2) The identity of U. pumila may be in question: Fernald (1950) listed it as a possible synonym of U. biflora; in other floras the name is variously given as a synonym of U. biflora (Gleason 1952; Radford et al. 1968; Godfrey and Wooten 1981), or U. gibba (Kartesz; Wunderlin 1998; Correll and Correll 1982), or U. fibrosa Walt. (Gleason and Cronquist 1991). (3) The latter is maintained as a separate species from U. gibba by Kartesz (1994) and some other authors, but considered another synonym in Kartesz (1999) and Hickman (1993). Liogier (1995, 2000) maintains U. obtusa, citing as a synonym U. gibba sensu P. Taylor (1964) pro parte, non Linnaeus (1753).