Ruppia maritima

World Register of Marine Species

Rights Holder:

 The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

Distribution

Belgium, Estonian Exclusive Economic Zone, Gulf of Mexico, North East Baltic Sea, Polish Exclusive Economic Zone, Swedish Exclusive Economic Zone, United Kingdom Exclusive Economic Zone

References:

Herkül, K.; Kotta, J.; Kotta, I. (2006). Distribution and population characteristics of the alien talitrid amphipod Orchestia cavimana in relation to environmental conditions in the Northeastern Baltic Sea. Helgol. Mar. Res. 60(2): 121-126.
Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
Provoost, S.; Bonte, D. (Ed.) (2004). Animated dunes: a view of biodiversity at the Flemish coast [Levende duinen: een overzicht van de biodiversiteit aan de Vlaamse kust]. Mededelingen van het Instituut voor Natuurbehoud, 22. Instituut voor Natuurbehoud: Brussel, Belgium. ISBN 90-403-0205-7. 416, ill., appendices pp.
Herkül, K.; Kotta, J.; Kotta, I. (2006). Invasion history and distribution of the semi-terrestrial invasive amphipod Orchestia cavimana in the Estonian coastal sea, in: Ojaveer, H.; Kotta, J. (Ed.) (2006). Alien invasive species in the north-eastern Baltic Sea: population dynamics and ecological impacts. Estonian Marine Institute Report Series, 14: pp. 23-30.
MEDIN (2011). UK checklist of marine species derived from the applications Marine Recorder and UNICORN, version 1.0.
Kedra, M. (2010). A Checklist of marine species occurring in Polish marine waters, compiled in the framework of the PESI EU FP7 project.
Dyntaxa (2013) Swedish Taxonomic Database. Accessed at www.dyntaxa.se [15-01-2013].

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WoRMS for SMEBD

Distribution in Egypt

Nile region, oases, Mediterranean region, eastern desert, Res Sea coastal strip and Sinai.

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Bibliotheca Alexandrina

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Bibliotheca Alexandrina

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Ruppia rostellata var. brachypus Gay.:
Argentina (South America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Grisebach, A. H. R. 1879. Symbolae ad Floram argentinam. Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 24(1): 1–345.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Ruppia maritima var. brachypus (Gay.) Garcke:
Argentina (South America)
Bolivia (South America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Kuntze. 1898. Revis. Gen. Pl. 3(2): 329. A. Felix, Leipzig.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Ruppia maritima var. subcapitata Fernald & Wiegand:
Canada (North America)
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Ruppia maritima var. exigua Fernald & Wiegand:
Canada (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Ruppia maritima var. brevirostris C. Agardh:
Canada (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Ruppia maritima var. obliqua Asch. & Graebn.:
United States (North America)
Canada (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Ruppia maritima subsp. rostellata Maire:
Argentina (South America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Hauman, L. & G. Vanderveken. 1917. Catalogue des Phanérogames de l'argentine. Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 29: 1–351.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Ruppia rostellata W.D.J. Koch ex Rchb.:
Argentina (South America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Kurtz. 1904. Geog. Cord. 1: 338.

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Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Ruppia maritima var. rostrata J. Agardh:
Canada (North America)
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
Gleason, H. A. & A. J. Cronquist. 1968. The Pteridophytoa, Gymnospermae and Monocotyledoneae. 1: 1–482. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Ruppia maritima var. pacifica H. St. John & Fosberg:
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Ruppia maritima var. longipes Hagstr.:
Canada (North America)
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Ruppia maritima var. intermedia Asch. & Graebn.:
United States (North America)
Canada (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Ruppia maritima L.:
Argentina (South America)
Belize (Mesoamerica)
Canada (North America)
Chile (South America)
Costa Rica (Mesoamerica)
Ecuador (South America)
El Salvador (Mesoamerica)
French Guiana (South America)
Gabon (Africa & Madagascar)
Guatemala (Mesoamerica)
Guyana (South America)
Honduras (Mesoamerica)
Mexico (Mesoamerica)
Madagascar (Africa & Madagascar)
Nicaragua (Mesoamerica)
Brazil (South America)
Panama (Mesoamerica)
Peru (South America)
Suriname (South America)
United States (North America)
China (Asia)
Venezuela (South America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Forzza, R. C. & et al. 2010. 2010 Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil. http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/.
Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
Lawesson, J. E., H. Adsersen & P. Bentley. 1987. An updated and annotated check list of the vascular plants of the Galapagos Islands. Rep. Bot. Inst. Univ. Aarhus 16: 1–74.
Porter, D. M. 1983. Vascular plants of the Galapagos: Origins and dispersal. 33–54. In M. B. R. I. Bowman & A. E. Leviton Patt. Evol. Galapagos Org. Pacific Division, AAAS, San Francisco.
Molina Rosito, A. 1975. Enumeración de las plantas de Honduras. Ceiba 19(1): 1–118.
Funk, V. A., P. E. Berry, S. Alexander, T. H. Hollowell & C. L. Kelloff. 2007. Checklist of the Plants of the Guiana Shield (Venezuela: Amazonas, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro; Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana). Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 55: 1–584.
Nelson, C. 1978. Contribuciones a la Flora de la Mosquitia, Honduras. Ceiba 22(1): 41–64.
ORSTOM. 1988. List Vasc. Pl. Gabon Herbier National du Gabon, Yaounde.
Marticorena, C. & M. Quezada. 1985. Catálogo de la Flora Vascular de Chile. Gayana, Bot. 42: 1–157.
Hauman, L. & G. Vanderveken. 1917. Catalogue des Phanérogames de l'argentine. Anales Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires 29: 1–351.
Cabrera, A. L. 1957. Revista Invest. Agríc. 11: 382.
Standley, P. C. & J. A. Steyermark. 1958. Potamogetonaceae. In Standley, P.C. & Steyermark, J.A. (Eds), Flora of Guatem ala - Part I. Fieldiana, Bot. 24(1): 68–73.
Haynes, R. R. & L. B. Holm-Nielsen. 1986. 195. Potamogetonaceae. 26: 51–66. In G. W. Harling & B. B. Sparre (eds.) Fl. Ecuador. University of Göteborg and Swedish Museum of Natural history, Göteborg and Stockholm.
Macbride, J. F. 1936. Potamogetonaceae, Flora of Peru. Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 13(1/1): 87–89.
Jumelle, H. 1950. Potamogetonacees. Fl. Madagasc. 21: 1–16.
Haynes, R. R. 1993. Ruppiaceae. 13: 38–40. In R. McVaugh Fl. Novo-Galiciana. The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
Long, R. W. & O. K. Lakela. 1971. Fl. Trop. Florida i–xvii, 1–962. University of Miami Press, Coral Cables.
Correa A., M. D., C. Galdames & M. N. S. Stapf. 2004. Cat. Pl. Vasc. Panamá 1–599. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama.
Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez. (eds.) 1999. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: i–viii, 1–1181.
Breedlove, D. E. 1986. Flora de Chiapas. Listados Floríst. México 4: i–v, 1–246.
Radford, A. E., H. E. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
Correll, D. S. & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Man. Vasc. Pl. Texas i–xv, 1–1881. The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson.
Sousa Sánchez, M. & E. F. Cabrera Cano. 1983. Flora de Quintana Roo. Listados Floríst. México 2: 1–100.
Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.E. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York.
Wiggins, I. L. & D. M. Porter. 1971. Fl. Galápagos Isl. i–xx, 1–998. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
Munz, P. A. & D. D. Keck. 1959. Cal. Fl. 1–1681. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Munz, P. A. 1974. Fl. S. Calif. 1–1086. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Davidse, G., M. Sousa Sánchez & A. O. Chater. (eds.) 1994. Alismataceae a Cyperaceae. Fl. Mesoamer. 6: i–xvi, 1–543.
Godfrey, R. K. & J. W. Wooten. 1979. Aquatic Wetland Pl. S.E. U.S. Monocot. 1–712. The University of Georgia Press, Athens.
Flora of China Editorial Committee. 1988-2013. Fl. China Unpaginated. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
Flora of China Editorial Committee. 2010. Fl. China 23: 1–515. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing & St. Louis.
Novelo R., A. & A. L. H. 1994. 237. Potamogetonaceae. Fl. Mesoamer. 6: 13–15.
Novelo, A. & L. Ramos. 2005. Vegetación acuática. Cap. 5: 111–144. In Biodivers. Tabasco. CONABIO-UNAM, México.
Balick, M. J., M. Nee & D. E. Atha. 2000. Checklist of the vascular plants of Belize. Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 85: i–ix, 1–246.
Brako, L. & J. L. Zarucchi. (eds.) 1993. Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Gymnosperms of Peru. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 45: i–xl, 1–1286.
Hokche, O., P. E. Berry & O. Huber. 2008. 1–860. In O. Hokche, P. E. Berry & O. Huber Nuevo Cat. Fl. Vasc. Venezuela. Fundación Instituto Botánico de Venezuela, Caracas.
D'Arcy, W. G. 1987. Flora of Panama. Checklist and Index. Part 1: The introduction and checklist. Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 17: v–xxx, 1–328.
García-Mendoza, A. J. & J. Meave del Castillo. 2011. Divers. Florist. Oaxaca 1–351. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria.
Cronquist, A. J., A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren & Reveal. 1977. Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. 6: 1–584. In A. J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
Fries, R. E. 1909. Ark. Bot. 8:.

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Distribution

St. Pierre and Miquelon; B.C., N.B., Nfld. and Labr. (Nfld.), N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que., Sask.; Ala., Alaska, Calif., Conn., Del., Fla., Ga., La., Maine, Md., Mass., Miss., N.H., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Oreg., R.I., S.C., Tex., Va., Wash.; coastal Mexico; West Indies; Bermuda; Central America; South America; Eurasia; Africa; Australia.

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Range Description

Ruppia maritima is a circumglobal species, widespread in temperate and tropical regions.

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International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

National Distribution

Canada

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

United States

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

Type of Residency: Year-round

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NatureServe

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NatureServe

Distribution

Distribution: A cosmopolitan species in saline habitats.

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Morphology

Description

Branched, aquatic herbs. Leaves entire except the minutely denticulate apex. Peduncle 2-3 mm long when young. Flowers 0.5-1 mm long; pollen heteropolar, reticulate. Carpels at first sessile; ovary obovate-oblong; stigma peltate. Fruitlets drupaceous, stipitate, 2-3 mm long excluding stipe, 1-1.5 mm broad, obliquely ovoid, black, lateral projections short; stipe 1-2 cm long, slender in fruit.

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Description

Stems to 50 cm × 0.1--0.7 mm. Leaves 6--10.5 cm; blade 0.3--0.5 mm, apex ± obtuse. Inflorescences: peduncles with 0--3[--4] coils, 0.5--16.5 × 0.5 mm. Flowers: pistils 4--8. Fruits 1.8--2 × 0.7--1.5 mm; gynophore 1.2--1.9 cm; beak terminal, slightly recurved, 0.6--1 mm. 2n = 16.

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Diagnostic Description

Synonym

Ruppia maritima var. brevirostris Agardh; R. maritima var. exigua Fernald & Wiegand; R. maritima var intermedia (Thedenius) Ascherson & Graebner; R. maritima var. longipes Hagström; R. maritima var. obliqua (Schur) Ascherson & Graebner; R. maritima var. rostrata Agardh; R. maritima var. subcapitata Fernald & Wiegand

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Habitat

Brackish water, canals, lakes, pools and ditches.

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Bibliotheca Alexandrina

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Bibliotheca Alexandrina

Habitat

Shallow waters of brackish streams, ditches, and lakes along ocean shore; 0--200m.

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Habitat and Ecology

Ruppia maritima has a wide salinity tolerance and occurs in fresh water, brackish water, marine environments and it can also be abundant in hypo- and hypersaline conditions. Ruppia maritima is known to survive in salinities ranging from 0 to 70 ppt (Kantrud 1991) but can be negatively impacted by repeated salinity changes (La Peyre and Rowe 2003). It can be found in canals, aquaculture ponds (traditional fish ponds), estuaries, tidal flats, and salt pans. It can even be found in coastal paddy fields (Burkhill 1936). In some cases, this species can become a pest by blocking aqua-ducts and canals. It only occurs in areas of low hydrodynamic regimes. This species can occur is a very wide variety of habitats (low-salinity ponds, coastal lagoons, mangroves, estuaries, marsh pools, tidal rivers, fishponds, mangrove salt marshes).

Ruppia maritima is both annual and perennial.

Systems

Freshwater
Marine

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Ocean Biogeographic Information System

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International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

Depth range based on 9 specimens in 1 taxon.

Environmental ranges
Depth range (m): 0.75 - 2

Graphical representation

Depth range (m): 0.75 - 2

Note: this information has not been validated. Check this *note*. Your feedback is most welcome.

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Habitat

Ruppia maritima grows in soft sediments in sheltered shallow coastal waters, from full salinity to nearly fresh water but mainly in brackish waters of lagoonal habitats, lochs, estuaries, creeks and pools in salt marshes, wetlands, ditches and lakes.

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Marine Life Information Network

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BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK)

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 The Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

Associations

Foodplant / feeds on
larva of Macroplea mutica feeds on root of Ruppia maritima
Remarks: Other: uncertain

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BioImages

Cyclicity

Flowering/Fruiting

Flowering spring--fall.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Flower/Fruit

Fl.Per.: April-May.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Life Expectancy

Perennial.

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Bibliotheca Alexandrina

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)

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Bibliotheca Alexandrina

Molecular Biology

Barcode data: Ruppia maritima

The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.

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Barcode of Life Data Systems

Statistics of barcoding coverage: Ruppia maritima

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 66
Specimens with Barcodes: 67
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)

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Conservation Status

IUCN Red List Assessment

Red List Category

Least Concern

Red List Criteria

Version

3.1

Year Assessed

2010

Assessor/s

Carruthers, T.J.B., Short, F.T., Waycott, M., Kendrick, G.A., Fourqurean, J.W., Callabine, A., Kenworthy, W.J. & Dennison, W.C.

Reviewer/s

Livingstone, S., Harwell, H. & Carpenter, K.E.

Contributor/s

Justification

Ruppia maritima is a circum-global species, present throughout arctic, temperate and tropical regions. The species is extremely widespread although only locally abundant in some regions. The overall global population trend is unknown, but thought to be stable. Ruppia maritima has a wide salinity tolerance and occurs in fresh water, brackish water and marine environments. It is tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions, including disturbance. Ruppia maritima is threatened locally by habitat loss from industrialization and agriculture. This species is listed as Least Concern.

However, the taxonomy of this species is confused and it is highly recommended that morphological and genetic studies be carried to determine the distribution limits of this species. Once the taxonomy is sorted out, field studies are needed to determine its actual range.

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International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

NatureServe Conservation Status

Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure

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NatureServe

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NatureServe

National NatureServe Conservation Status

Canada

Rounded National Status Rank: N4 - Apparently Secure

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: N4 - Apparently Secure

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NatureServe

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Trends

Population

Ruppia maritima is extremely widespread although only locally abundant in some regions. For example, it forms massive seagrass beds in Argentina and Atlantic Chile. It is highly tolerant of disturbance, including eutrophication, turbidity, and high and low salinity. It is easily dispersed by waterfowl. It is sometimes present in high altitude lakes. Localized increases and decreases of this species have been observed, but overall global population trend is unknown, but is most likely stable.

Historically, this species was not recognized as a seagrass, but rather as a freshwater or brackish water plant.

Population Trend

Stable

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International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

Threats

Major Threats

Ruppia maritima is threatened locally by habitat loss from industrialization and agriculture. Coastal land reclamation is also a threat as this species grows in transitional environments between land and sea.

This species is grazed by geese, ducks and swans (waterfowl) throughout its range.

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International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

Management

Conservation Actions

There are no conservation measures for Ruppia maritima. This species is listed as pest in some areas of its range.

The taxonomy of this species is confused and it is highly recommended that morphological and genetic studies be carried to determine the distribution limits of this species.

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