Phlox hoodii

Hood's Phlox

Flickr photo 'carpet phlox, Phlox hoodii ssp. canescens' by: Jim Morefield.

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Species group: Plants

Data Sources

Classification

Kingdom:

Plantae

Phylum:

Anthophyta

Class:

Dicotyledoneae

Order:

Solanales

Family:

Polemoniaceae

Genus:

Phlox

Encyclopedia of Life

For more info, visit:

Source:
http://eol.org/pages/580819/details

Distribution
Morphology
Habitat
General Ecology
Cyclicity
Molecular Biology
Conservation Status
Management

Distribution

National Distribution

Canada

Origin: Native

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

United States

Origin: Unknown/Undetermined

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Unknown/Undetermined

Confidence: Confident

Source:

NatureServe

License:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/

Rights Holder:

NatureServe

Distribution

Hood's phlox occurs in western North America and reaches its northern limit in Alaska. Its range extends east to Saskatchewan, western North and South Dakota, and western Nebraska. The southern limit is reached in Arizona, and Hood's phlox occurs in the Pacific Coast states but is absent from extreme coastal locations [72,109,138].

Plants Database provides a distributional map of Hood's phlox and the following subspecies: Phlox hoodii ssp. canescens, P. h. ssp. glabrata, P. h. ssp. hoodii, P. h. ssp. lantana, P. h. ssp. muscoides, P. h. ssp. viscidula. For more detailed descriptions of the distributions of P. h. ssp. canescens and P. h. ssp. muscoides, see [37,61].

References:

138. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
37. Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; Reveal, James L.; Holmgren, Patricia K. 1984. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 4: Subclass Asteridae, (except Asteraceae). New York: The New York Botanical Garden. 573 p. [718]
61. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]
72. Kearney, Thomas H.; Peebles, Robert H.; Howell, John Thomas; McClintock, Elizabeth. 1960. Arizona flora. 2nd ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1085 p. [6563]
109. Rudd, Velva E. 1951. Geographical affinities of the flora of North Dakota. The American Midland Naturalist. 45(3): 722-739. [2040]

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

License:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/

States or Provinces

(key to state/province abbreviations)
UNITED STATES AK AZ CA CO ID MT NE NV NM ND OR SD UT WA WY
CANADA AB BC SK YK

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

License:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [15]:

2 Cascade Mountains

4 Sierra Mountains

5 Columbia Plateau

6 Upper Basin and Range

7 Lower Basin and Range

8 Northern Rocky Mountains

9 Middle Rocky Mountains

10 Wyoming Basin

11 Southern Rocky Mountains

12 Colorado Plateau

13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont

15 Black Hills Uplift

16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands

References:

15. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434]

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

License:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Phlox hoodii Richardson:
Canada (North America)
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., U.S.D.A. Database of the U.S.D.A., Beltsville.
Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.

Source:

Missouri Botanical Garden

License:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/

Rights Holder:

Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Morphology

Description

More info for the terms: caespitose, caudex, root crown

This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g., [5,55,57,62,67,71,79,94,138]).

Aboveground description: Hood's phlox is a small, low-growing, mat-forming, perennial [62,68]. There is considerable variability in botanical characteristics, which is only partially reduced by the recognition of subspecies. Descriptions of compact matted and loosely caespitose growth forms are described [5,55]. The woody root crown or caudex produces multiple branches [5,138]. Plants are typically hairy and measure between 2 and 12 inches (5-30 cm) across and less than 5 inches (13 cm) tall [4,68,71,79,94,95]. Plants monitored for 8 years in southwestern North Dakota averaged 1.8 inches (4.6 cm) tall. Maximum and minimum heights were 2.4 inches (6.0 cm) and 1.2 inches (3.0 cm), respectively [54]. Branches are crowded with nodes and dense with leaves [18,67,94,95]. Hood's phlox is a stress-tolerant species with slow leaf turnover [17]. Early spring growth is rapid, and plants normally mature before associated vegetation grows to an "appreciable height" [22,54].

Leaves occur opposite one another and are described as woolly or loosely pubescent, with long tangled or cobwebby hairs [5,18,67,68,137]. Leaves are narrow, firm, pungent, and needle-like with sharp points; often the mid-rib is thickened [4,62,79]. Degree of leaf overlap varies, and leaves are typically ascending [35,55,137]. Leaves normally range from 0.1 to 0.5 inch (3-13 mm) long and less than 1 mm wide at the midpoint [37,55,57,79,137]. Old leaves are persistent [4]. Flowers are most often solitary and appear at the ends of branches [5,67,94]. Petals are 5 lobed and range from white to pale blue, purple, or pink [35,57,62]. Petal lobes are typically 0.16 to 0.28 inch (4-7 mm) long, and the flower tube measures 0.24 to 0.47 inch (6-12 mm) long [18,62]. Seeds are normally 0.08 to 0.1 inch (2-3 mm) long [18].

Belowground description: Hood's phlox produces coarse woody taproots [35,57,62,95]. Roots excavated from a sagebrush-dominated site in western Colorado tested positive for mycorrhizal associations [105].

Taproots penetrate deeply if soil depth permits, and lateral roots are short. Maximum root penetration was 36 inches (91 cm) in a pristine big sagebrush/mixed grass community in southern Idaho [65]. In mixed prairie of southwestern Saskatchewan, taproots reached depths of 12 to 37 inches (30-95 cm). Root diameters were 1 to 5 mm near the soil surface but decreased to approximately 0.5 mm at 8 to 10 inch (20-25 cm) soil depths. Lateral roots occurred singly or in groups of 2 to 5 at soil depths below 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm). Lateral roots had diameters of 0.3 to 0.5 mm and were short (≤2 cm). Occasionally plants produced 1 to 2 large secondary taproots that penetrated as deep as the primary taproot. Penetration depths were greatest in well-developed soils on level sites or on lower slope positions. The average maximum root depths were 34 inches (86 cm) and 12 inches (30 cm) on lower and upper slopes, respectively. In shallow soils, roots did not penetrate beyond 12 inches (30 cm). In sandy soils, roots typically penetrated less than 16 inches (41 cm), but lateral roots were more dense and widely spread than those in fine textured soils [36].

The wide range in plant, leaf, and flower size and form is reduced slightly with the recognition of Hood's phlox subspecies. Often subspecies descriptions are made in relation to another subspecies. For more information on distinguishing subspecies, see [37,55,57,61,62,71,88,94,100,137,138].

References:

137. Weber, William A.; Wittmann, Ronald C. 1996. Colorado flora: eastern slope. 2nd ed. Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado. 524 p. [27572]
138. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
5. Anderson, J. P. 1959. Flora of Alaska and adjacent parts of Canada. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press. 543 p. [9928]
17. Bonham, C. D.; Cottrell, T. R.; Mitchell, J. E. 1991. Inferences for life history strategies of Artemisia tridentata subspecies. Journal of Vegetation Science. 2(3): 339-344. [16599]
22. Budd, A. C.; Campbell, J. B. 1959. Flowering sequence of a local flora. Journal of Range Management. 12: 127-132. [552]
35. Coupland, Robert T. 1950. Ecology of mixed prairie in Canada. Ecological Monographs. 20(4): 271-315. [700]
36. Coupland, Robert T.; Johnson, R. E. 1965. Rooting characteristics of native grassland species of Saskatchewan. Journal of Ecology. 53: 475-507. [702]
37. Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; Reveal, James L.; Holmgren, Patricia K. 1984. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 4: Subclass Asteridae, (except Asteraceae). New York: The New York Botanical Garden. 573 p. [718]
54. Goetz, Harold. 1963. Growth and development of native range plants in the mixed grass prairie of western North Dakota. Fargo, ND: North Dakota State University. 141 p. Thesis. [5661]
55. Goodrich, Sherel; Neese, Elizabeth. 1986. Uinta Basin flora. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ashley National Forest; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Vernal District. 320 p. [23307]
57. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
61. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]
62. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur; Ownbey, Marion. 1959. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 4: Ericaceae through Campanulaceae. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 510 p. [1170]
65. Hugie, V. K.; Passey, H. B.; Williams, E. W. 1964. Soil taxonomic units and potential plant community relationships in a pristine range area of southern Idaho. American Society of Agronomy Special Publication No. 5: 190-204. [1203]
67. Hultén, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1008 p. [13403]
68. Johnson, James R.; Nichols, James T. 1970. Plants of South Dakota grasslands: A photographic study. Bull. 566. Brookings, SD: South Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station. 163 p. [18501]
79. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 648 p. [13798]
88. Martin, William C.; Hutchins, Charles R. 1981. A flora of New Mexico. Volume 2. Germany: J. Cramer. 2589 p. [37176]
94. Munz, Philip A.; Keck, David D. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]
95. Parker, Karl G. 1975. Some important Utah range plants. Extension Service Bulletin EC-383. Logan, UT: Utah State University. 174 p. [9878]
100. Piper, C. V. 1902. New and noteworthy northwestern plants-VII. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 29(11): 642-646. [63627]
105. Reeves, F. Brent; Wagner, David; Moorman, Thomas; Kiel, Jean. 1979. The role of endomycorrhizae in revegetation practices in the semi-arid west. I. A comparison of incidence of mycorrhizae in severely disturbed vs. natural environments. American Journal of Botany. 66(1): 6-13. [60502]
4. Andersen, Berniece A.; Holmgren, Arthur H. [1976]. Mountain plants of northeastern Utah. Circular 319. Logan, UT: Utah State University, Extension Services. 148 p. [312]
18. Booth, W. E.; Wright, J. C. 1962. [Revised]. Flora of Montana: Part II--Dicotyledons. Bozeman, MT: Montana State College, Department of Botany and Bacteriology. 280 p. [47286]
71. Kartesz, John Thomas. 1988. A flora of Nevada. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 1729 p. [In 2 volumes]. Dissertation. [42426]

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

License:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/

Habitat

Habitat characteristics

More info for the terms: constancy, cover, frequency, litter, presence, xeric

Throughout its range, Hood's phlox occupies dry, open, rocky, gravelly, or sandy sites [4,41,62,67,68,72,95].

Specific characteristics are described for several areas where Hood's phlox is common. Near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Hood's phlox importance values were greatest on the upper and middle positions on eastern to southern slopes. From May to September soil temperatures on upper and middle southern slopes averaged 81 Â°F (27 Â°C), and average soil moisture content was 7.9% and 5.3%, respectively. Hood's phlox importance changed dramatically with relatively minor changes in aspect and position [12].

In Eagle, Alaska, Hood's phlox occurred in fringed sagebrush (Artemisia frigida)/bluebunch wheatgrass steppe vegetation but not in forested vegetation dominated by quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), balsam poplar (P. balsamifera), and white spruce (Picea glauca). Environmental conditions were different in the 2 habitats. Soil moisture was lower and soil temperature was higher in steppe vegetation than in the forests. Steppe vegetation received 93.9% full sun and forests received 57%. Litter cover was 5% in steppe vegetation and 79% in forests [139].

Hood's phlox was common on glacial moraines in northwestern Montana's Upper Blackfoot Valley and reached its greatest frequency on the upper part of southern slopes. Summer soil moisture content averaged 11% on upper slopes, less than that of lower slope positions. Temperatures were higher and temperature fluctuations were greatest on southern slopes [16].

Hood's phlox is most typical in sagebrush habitats. Characteristics of some of these habitats are summarized below.

Rangeland cover type Elevation
(feet) Annual precipitation/climate Soils Black sagebrush
(A. nova) middle elevations 8-12 inches, most common coarse textured, dry soils [128] Low sagebrush
(A. arbuscula) 3,000-9,000 8-16 inches shallow soils; normally 12-20 inches to clay or bedrock [129] Stiff sagebrush
(A. rigida) 700-4,000 8-16 inches shallow soils; typically < 9.8 inches to basalt [130] Threetip sagebrush 4,000-9,000 12-16 inches; cool, moderately moist sites intermediate between big sagebrush and low and black sagebrush types [127] Wyoming big sagebrush ---- 7-12 inches; ~40% in growing season moderate to fairly shallow, low in organic matter, stony, often over hardpan or parent material [126]

Climate: Hood's phlox primarily occupies sites with continental climates. Conditions are typically dry, and a wide range of temperatures are possible. In North Dakota, Hood's phlox occurs in the west where arid conditions prevail [109]. Parker [95] reports that Hood's phlox occupies sites that receive 15 to 20 inches (380-510 mm) of annual precipitation. However, Hood's phlox occurs in steppe vegetation in Eagle, Alaska, where annual precipitation averages 12.1 inches (308 mm) and average January and July temperatures are -9.4 Â°F (-23 Â°C) and 59 Â°F (15 Â°C), respectively [139]. In areas near Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, where Hood's phlox occurs, snow is typical from November to March and contributes 30% to the total annual precipitation. Summer temperatures over 100 Â°F (38 Â°C) and winter lows of -40 Â°F (-40 Â°C) have been recorded for this area [12]. In the Laramie Basin of Wyoming, precipitation averages 11.2 inches (284 mm), and January and July temperatures average 22.4 Â°F (-5.3 Â°C) and 64 Â°F (17.8 Â°C) [49]. Hood's phlox is sparsely distributed on the Dickinson Experimental Station in southwestern North Dakota, where winters are long and cold, and summers are short and hot. Based on a 70-year record, annual precipitation averaged 15.5 inches (394 mm), and June temperatures averaged 61.4 Â°F (16.3 Â°C) [54].

A number of studies indicate that Hood's phlox is restricted to sites with early snow melt. Hood's phlox was rarer on sites with late snow melt dates than on sites with early melting dates on the Bangtail Mesa near Bozeman, Montana [136]. Hood's phlox was common (presence 56%) on sites with a snow melt date of 15 May in southwestern Montana; Hood's phlox presence decreased as snow cover remained longer. Presence was 27% on sites with a 1 June melt date, and Hood's phlox was absent from sites with melt date of 15 June or later [90]. In central Wyoming's Owl Creek range, Hood's phlox was present on windblown sites in threetip sagebrush-dominated sites but was absent from sites where deep snow drifts were common [50].

Elevation: Hood's phlox is common at middle and high elevations throughout its range. Narrower elevational ranges by state and variety are provided below:

State/region Variety, if applicable Elevation in feet Arizona 4,000 [72] California P. h. ssp. canescens 4,500-8,900 [61,94] P. h. ssp. lantana 4,000-6,000 [94] P. h. ssp. muscoides 4,600-8,900 [61] New Mexico P. h. ssp. canescens 5,000-7,000 [88] Nevada 4,500-8,000 P. h. ssp. lantana 6,500-8,000 P. h. ssp. muscoides 5,600-8,000 [71] Uinta Basin, Utah 4,800-8,400 P. h. ssp. muscoides ~7,100 [55] Utah 4,000-6,700 [95] P. h. ssp. canescens 4,790-10,700 P. h. ssp. muscoides 4,590-6,910 [138]

Soils: Hood's phlox persists on a variety of soil types; however, it commonly occurs on dry, coarse textured soils. In the northern Great Plains and in Utah, Hood's phlox occurs on gravelly, rocky, or sandy soils [57,95]. In grasslands of southwestern Saskatchewan, Hood's phlox was most closely associated with clay and loam soils and was present on fine sandy loams, loams, and clay loams [64]. In steppe vegetation of central Montana, Hood's phlox cover and constancy were "consistently" higher on fine-textured soils, and Hood's phlox showed little preference for position along a gradient of 0.4 to 4 inches (1-10 cm) of water storage capacity [59]. Hood's phlox was most common on windward exposures where soil moisture was lowest in sagebrush steppe vegetation at Wyoming's Stratton Sagebrush Hydrology Study Area [24]. In Utah, Hood's phlox coverage was significantly greater (p≤0.01) on crest than mid-slope or base sites. Crest sites were the most xeric and had the shallowest soils, which averaged 8 inches (20 cm) deep. Clay content was significantly lower and sand and exposed rock were significantly greater on crest than mid-slope or base positions [21].

References:

138. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
12. Ayyad, M. A. G.; Dix, R. L. 1964. An analysis of a vegetation--microenvironmental complex on prairie slopes in Saskatchewan. Ecological Monographs. 34(4): 421-442. [63622]
16. Blinn, Dean W.; Habeck, James R. 1967. An analysis of morainal vegetation in the upper Blackfoot Valley, Montana. Northwest Science. 41(3): 126-140. [4008]
21. Brotherson, Jack D. 1999. Measured and inferred moisture gradient relationships across ecotone boundaries in shrub-dominated foothill communities. In: McArthur, E. Durant; Ostler, W. Kent; Wambolt, Carl L., comps. Proceedings: shrubland ecotones; 1998 August 12-14; Ephraim, UT. Proceedings RMRS-P-11. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 40-48. [36060]
24. Burke, Ingrid C. 1989. Control of nitrogen mineralization in a sagebrush steppe landscape. Ecology. 70(4): 1115-1126. [7974]
41. Dixon, Helen. 1935. Ecological studies on the high plateaus of Utah. Botanical Gazette. 97: 272-320. [15672]
49. Finzel, Jean E. 1964. Avian populations of four herbaceous communities in southeastern Wyoming. The Condor. 66(6): 496-510. [63644]
50. Fisser, Herbert G. 1962. An ecological study of the Artemisia tripartita subsp. rubicola and related shrub communities in Wyoming. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming. 166 p. Dissertation. [7440]
54. Goetz, Harold. 1963. Growth and development of native range plants in the mixed grass prairie of western North Dakota. Fargo, ND: North Dakota State University. 141 p. Thesis. [5661]
55. Goodrich, Sherel; Neese, Elizabeth. 1986. Uinta Basin flora. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ashley National Forest; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Vernal District. 320 p. [23307]
57. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
59. Harvey, Stephen John. 1990. Responses of steppe plants to gradients of water, soil texture and disturbance in Montana, USA. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 103 p. Dissertation. [46918]
61. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]
62. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur; Ownbey, Marion. 1959. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 4: Ericaceae through Campanulaceae. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 510 p. [1170]
64. Hubbard, William A. 1950. The climate, soils, and soil-plant relationships of an area in southwestern Saskatchewan. Scientific Agriculture. 30(8): 327-342. [6263]
67. Hultén, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1008 p. [13403]
68. Johnson, James R.; Nichols, James T. 1970. Plants of South Dakota grasslands: A photographic study. Bull. 566. Brookings, SD: South Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station. 163 p. [18501]
72. Kearney, Thomas H.; Peebles, Robert H.; Howell, John Thomas; McClintock, Elizabeth. 1960. Arizona flora. 2nd ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1085 p. [6563]
88. Martin, William C.; Hutchins, Charles R. 1981. A flora of New Mexico. Volume 2. Germany: J. Cramer. 2589 p. [37176]
94. Munz, Philip A.; Keck, David D. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]
95. Parker, Karl G. 1975. Some important Utah range plants. Extension Service Bulletin EC-383. Logan, UT: Utah State University. 174 p. [9878]
109. Rudd, Velva E. 1951. Geographical affinities of the flora of North Dakota. The American Midland Naturalist. 45(3): 722-739. [2040]
126. Tisdale, Edwin W. 1994. SRM 403: Wyoming big sagebrush. In: Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management: 42-43. [43363]
127. Tisdale, Edwin W. 1994. SRM 404: Threetip sagebrush. In: Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management: 43-44. [43364]
128. Tisdale, Edwin W. 1994. SRM 405: Black sagebrush. In: Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management: 44-45. [43365]
129. Tisdale, Edwin W. 1994. SRM 406: Low sagebrush. In: Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management: 45-46. [43366]
130. Tisdale, Edwin W. 1994. SRM 407: Stiff sagebrush. In: Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management: 46-47. [43367]
136. Weaver, T. 1974. Ecological effects of weather modification: effect of late snowmelt on Festuca idahoensis Elmer meadows. The American Midland Naturalist. 92(2): 346-356. [16789]
139. Wesser, Sara D.; Armbruster, W. Scott. 1991. Species distribution controls across a forest-steppe transition: a casual model and experimental test. Ecological Monographs. 61(3): 323-342. [15629]
4. Andersen, Berniece A.; Holmgren, Arthur H. [1976]. Mountain plants of northeastern Utah. Circular 319. Logan, UT: Utah State University, Extension Services. 148 p. [312]
71. Kartesz, John Thomas. 1988. A flora of Nevada. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 1729 p. [In 2 volumes]. Dissertation. [42426]
90. Mitchell, Val L.; Super, Arlin B.; McPartland, John T. 1971. Factors affecting snow depth in southwestern Montana and their implications on the ecological effects of weather modification. In: National conference on the forest, weather, and associated environment: Proceedings; 1971 May 17-20; Atlanta, GA. [Place of publication unknown]. [Publisher unknown]. 9 p. [15934]

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

License:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/

Key Plant Community Associations

More info for the term: association

While Hood's phlox is common in sagebrush and mountain grassland communities in the
western United States, it is rarely named as a dominant in vegetation types. Below
are vegetation classifications where Hood's phlox is recognized as a dominant or
subdominant.

Montana:

prairie Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha)-Hood's phlox association, also known as the Koelerietum
Phloxetosum association on glacial till in Glacier County [84]
Yukon Territory:

Hood's phlox is a subdominant in Aishihik-Sekulmun grasslands dominated by fringed sagebrush
(Artemisia frigida) and threadleaf sedge (Carex filifolia) in the southwestern part of the
territory [133]

References:

84. Lynch, Daniel. 1955. Ecology of the aspen groveland in Glacier County, Montana. Ecological Monographs. 25(4): 321-344. [950]
133. Vetter, M. A. 2000. Grasslands of the Aishihik-Sekulmun Lakes Area, Yukon Territory, Canada. Arctic. 53(2): 165-173. [53220]

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

License:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types

More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the terms: cover, shrub

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [115]:

101 Bluebunch wheatgrass

102 Idaho fescue

104 Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass

105 Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue

106 Bluegrass scabland

107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass

108 Alpine Idaho fescue

109 Ponderosa pine shrubland

110 Ponderosa pine-grassland

210 Bitterbrush

213 Alpine grassland

301 Bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama

302 Bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass

303 Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass

304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

305 Idaho fescue-Richardson needlegrass

306 Idaho fescue-slender wheatgrass

307 Idaho fescue-threadleaf sedge

308 Idaho fescue-tufted hairgrass

309 Idaho fescue-western wheatgrass

310 Needle-and-thread-blue grama

311 Rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass

312 Rough fescue-Idaho fescue

313 Tufted hairgrass-sedge

314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass

315 Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue

316 Big sagebrush-rough fescue

317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass

318 Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue

319 Bitterbrush-rough fescue

320 Black sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass

321 Black sagebrush-Idaho fescue

322 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany-bluebunch wheatgrass

323 Shrubby cinquefoil-rough fescue

324 Threetip sagebrush-Idaho fescue

401 Basin big sagebrush

402 Mountain big sagebrush

403 Wyoming big sagebrush

404 Threetip sagebrush

405 Black sagebrush

406 Low sagebrush

407 Stiff sagebrush

408 Other sagebrush types

412 Juniper-pinyon woodland

414 Salt desert shrub

415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany

416 True mountain-mahogany

417 Littleleaf mountain-mahogany

421 Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose

501 Saltbush-greasewood

504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland

509 Transition between oak-juniper woodland and mahogany-oak association

601 Bluestem prairie

602 Bluestem-prairie sandreed

603 Prairie sandreed-needlegrass

606 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass

607 Wheatgrass-needlegrass

608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass

609 Wheatgrass-grama

610 Wheatgrass

611 Blue grama-buffalo grass

612 Sagebrush-grass

613 Fescue grassland

614 Crested wheatgrass

615 Wheatgrass-saltgrass-grama

722 Sand sagebrush-mixed prairie

References:

115. Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. 1994. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management. 152 p. [23362]

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

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Habitat: Cover Types

More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: cover

SAF COVER TYPES [47]:

210 Interior Douglas-fir

219 Limber pine

220 Rocky Mountain juniper

237 Interior ponderosa pine

238 Western juniper

239 Pinyon-juniper

References:

47. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

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Habitat: Plant Associations

More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: shrub

KUCHLER [77] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:

K010 Ponderosa shrub forest

K011 Western ponderosa forest

K012 Douglas-fir forest

K016 Eastern ponderosa forest

K017 Black Hills pine forest

K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest

K022 Great Basin pine forest

K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland

K024 Juniper steppe woodland

K038 Great Basin sagebrush

K040 Saltbush-greasewood

K050 Fescue-wheatgrass

K051 Wheatgrass-bluegrass

K055 Sagebrush steppe

K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe

K063 Foothills prairie

K064 Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass

K065 Grama-buffalo grass

K066 Wheatgrass-needlegrass

K067 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass

K068 Wheatgrass-grama-buffalo grass

K069 Bluestem-grama prairie

K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie

References:

77. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

License:

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Habitat: Ecosystem

More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

ECOSYSTEMS [52]:

FRES20 Douglas-fir

FRES21 Ponderosa pine

FRES29 Sagebrush

FRES30 Desert shrub

FRES35 Pinyon-juniper

FRES36 Mountain grasslands

FRES38 Plains grasslands

References:

52. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; Lewis, Mont E.; Smith, Dixie R. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

License:

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General Ecology

Fire Management Considerations

More info for the terms: cover, wildfire

Based on the available information on Hood's phlox and fire, recovery of Hood's phlox is likely following most fires. However, the lack of information on the response of Hood's phlox to successive fires makes it difficult to predict its ability to persist in areas dominated by cheatgrass with high fire frequencies.

Postfire management may impact Hood's phlox recovery. Low Hood's phlox cover was reported on 3-year-old burned sites in pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.) and big sagebrush communities that were drill or aerial seeded following a wildfire in central Utah. Coverage of Hood's phlox was 0 on one burned and seeded site and 0.4% on another. Sites burned in July, but fire characteristics were not reported. Seeded species included wheatgrasses (Elymus spp.), sweet clover (Melilotus spp.), and alfalfa (Medicago spp.) among others [30].

References:

30. Clary, Warren P. 1988. Plant density and cover response to several seeding techniques following wildfire. Res. Note INT-384. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 6 p. [5609]

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

License:

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Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire

More info for the terms: climax, cover, fire intensity, forb, forbs, frequency, litter, prescribed fire, presence

In many studies, Hood's phlox's presence on burned sites is reported but prefire or unburned comparisons are
lacking. These studies confirm Hood's phlox's tolerance of fire but fail to provide information on Hood's
phlox's response to fire. Hood's phlox occurred in early postfire Idaho fescue/big sagebrush, Idaho
fescue-bearded wheatgrass (Elymus caninus), and Douglas-fir/common snowberry
(Pseudotsuga menziesii/Symphoricarpos albus) communities that were considered climax communities at
the time of a severe fire in Yellowstone National Park. Burned sites were visited 5 years following fire [3].
On 2-year-old burned sagebrush grasslands in an area southwest of Pocatello, Idaho, Hood's phlox was present.
There were no control or prefire comparisons, and fire characteristics were not reported [102]. Hood's phlox
was one of the most common forbs on big sagebrush-dominated sites in Wyoming burned in prescription fires 2 to
5 years earlier. Species were grouped by life form for pre- and postfire analyses, so abundance of Hood's phlox
was not distinguishable [119].

Hood's phlox was present in the 1st postfire year and increased in coverage in the 2nd postfire year
following a prescribed fire in a Wyoming big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass habitat near Shoshone, Idaho.
The fire burned in late September when relative humidity was 19% to 36%, winds were 3 to 25 miles
(4.8-40 km)/hour, and air temperatures ranged from 64 to 86 Â°F (18-30 Â°C). Hood's phlox coverage was
0.4% and 2% in the 1st and 2nd postfire years, respectively. There were no prefire or unburned comparisons
[31]. At the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory in southeastern Idaho, Hood's phlox
was the dominant forb on 15-year-old burned and unburned sites near the Arco Highway. Just descriptive
results were reported since the sampling intensity was too weak for statistical analyses [117].
While decreases in Hood's phlox abundance following fire are common, they are not without exception. In
southeastern Idaho's, Power County, Hood's phlox coverage on 1-year-old burned sites was almost double that
of unburned sites. The fire burned in vegetation dominated by threetip and mountain big sagebrush, but fire
characteristics were not described. Hood's phlox cover was 0.75% on unburned and 1.43% on burned sites. Soils
collected from unburned and burned sites had relative Hood's phlox seedling densities of 0.004% and 0.006%,
respectively. The researcher reported that Hood's phlox recovery was primarily vegetative [1].
Hood's phlox was not sampled on control or prefire plots before a late September prescribed fire in Wyoming
big sagebrush habitats of southeastern Oregon's Hart Mountain Antelope Refuge. However, percent frequency on
control plots was 0.4 Â± 0.4 (sx) and
0.2 Â± 0.2 on burned plots in the 1st postfire year. Hood's phlox sprouted "weakly" from the base and
was classified as a fire "avoider or endurer." At the time of burning, temperatures were 66 to 82 Â°F
(19-28 Â°C), relative humidity ranged from 17% to 24%, and wind speeds were 4 to 6 miles (6.4-9.7 km)/hour. Flame
heights ranged from 6.6 to 12 feet (2-3.7 m), and flame lengths were 6.6 to 26 feet (2-7.8 m). The fire spread
rate was 15 to 39 feet (4.6-12 m)/minute, and residence time ranged from 0.6 to 2.6 minutes [143].
Density of Hood's phlox was greater on control plots than spring, summer, or fall burned
sites in a central Saskatchewan rough fescue prairie. There were 1.7 Hood's phlox stems/mÂ² on control plots
and 1.3, 0.7, and 0.7 stems/mÂ² on spring, summer, and fall burned sites, respectively, in the 2nd postfire
growing season. Fires burned when air temperatures were 50 to 79 Â°F (10-26 Â°C), relative humidity was 35% to
50%, and wind speeds were 5.6 to 8.9 feet (2.5-4 m)/second. Air temperature and relative humidity were highest
during the summer fire and lowest for the spring fire [6]. For a complete description of the fires and their
effects, see Seasonal fires in
Saskatchewan rough fescue prairie.
Hood's phlox was absent from the most severely burned sites following a December fire in a rough fescue
grassland in southwestern Alberta. Hood's phlox did not occur on sampled sections within the interior of the
burned area but did occur on sites less severely burned in a perimeter fire. The fire was described by others
(Tymstra 1998, as cited by [19]) as extremely hot. Winds were 19 to 25 miles (30-40 km)/hour with gusts of up
to 43 miles (70 km)/hour. Mid-day temperature was 55 Â°F (13 Â°C), and relative humidity was 17% on the day of
the fire. Head fire intensity was an estimated 10,000 to 20,000 kW/mÂ², and the spread rate was approximately
6 miles (10 km)/hour. In adjacent unburned sites, litter content was 900 kg/ha. Hood's phlox canopy coverage
was 0.1% and 0.4% in the perimeter burn compared with 0.7% and 1.2% on control sites sampled in the 1st and 2nd
postfire years, respectively [19].
Plot size affected the magnitude of Hood's phlox increases and decreases on burned and unburned sites before
and after a prescribed fire in a threetip sagebrush-dominated community in southern Idaho. The fire burned on
15 September when the temperature was 70 Â°F (21 Â°C), relative humidity was 14%, and winds were 5 to 8 miles
(8-10 km)/hour. Live sagebrush moisture was 92%, and soil moisture was 4%. Percent frequency and dry weight
production of Hood's phlox were lower on burned than unburned sites after the fire, but prefire frequencies
were lower on burned than control sites as well. Study results are summarized below [26].
Hood's phlox frequency (%)BurnedControlPlot size (cm)25Ã2525Ã5050Ã5025Ã2525Ã5050Ã502 years before fire58.811.3------------1 year before fire3.811.318.817.528.837.51 year after fire2.52.52.512.530.052.53 years after fire6.312.523.817.526.335.0

BurnedControlTime since fire (years)prefire1 prefire1Hood's phlox dry weight (lbs/acre)49.214.051.190.0

References:

6. Archibold, O. W.; Ripley, E. A.; Delanoy, L. 2003. Effects of season of burning on the microenvironment of fescue prairie in central Saskatchewan. Canadian Field Naturalist. 117(2): 257-266. [48371]
1. Akinsoji, Aderopo. 1988. Postfire vegetation dynamics in a sagebrush steppe in southeastern Idaho, USA. Vegetatio. 78: 151-155. [6944]
3. Ament, Robert J. 1995. Pioneer plant communities five years after the 1988 Yellowstone fires. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 216 p. Thesis. [46923]
19. Bork, Edward W.; Adams, Barry W.; Willms, Walter D. 2002. Resilience of foothills rough fescue, Festuca campestris, rangeland to wildfire. The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 116(1): 51-59. [46998]
26. Bushey, Charles L. 1987. Short-term vegetative response to prescribed burning in the sagebrush/grass ecosystem of the northern Great Basin: three years of postburn data from the demonstration of prescribed burning on selected Bureau of Land Management districts. Final Report. Cooperative Agreement 22-C-4-INT-33. Missoula, MT: Systems for Environmental Management. 77 p. [568]
31. Clifton, Nancy A. 1981. Response to prescribed fire in a Wyoming big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass habitat type. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 39 p. Thesis. [650]
102. Ratzlaff, Teresa D.; Anderson, Jay E. 1995. Vegetal recovery following wildfire in seeded and unseeded sagebrush steppe. Journal of Range Management. 48(5): 386-391. [26539]
117. Sime, Carolyn Anne. 1991. Sage grouse use of burned, non-burned, and seeded vegetation communities on the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Idaho. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 72 p. Thesis. [24908]
119. Smith, Michael A. 1985. Prescribed burning of big sagebrush in Wyoming. In: Fisser, Herbert G., ed. Wyoming shrublands: Proceedings, 14th Wyoming shrub ecology workshop; 1985 May 29-30; Rock Springs, WY. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, Department of Range Management, Wyoming Shrub Ecology Workshop: 41-45. [13910]
143. Wrobleski, David W. 1999. Effects of prescribed fire on Wyoming big sagebrush communities: implications for ecological restoration of sage grouse habitat. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 76 p. Thesis. [30180]

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

License:

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Plant Response to Fire

More info for the term: caudex

While some suggest that Hood's phlox is severely damaged by fire [98], in most cases Hood's phlox is present in early postfire communities although abundance may be reduced [1,6,26]. Hood's phlox sprouts from the base or caudex and survives most fires [143]. In southeastern Idaho's Power County, Hood's phlox emerged from soil collected on burned sites [1]. Postfire regeneration likely includes germination and establishment from on-site and/or off-site seed sources.

References:

6. Archibold, O. W.; Ripley, E. A.; Delanoy, L. 2003. Effects of season of burning on the microenvironment of fescue prairie in central Saskatchewan. Canadian Field Naturalist. 117(2): 257-266. [48371]
1. Akinsoji, Aderopo. 1988. Postfire vegetation dynamics in a sagebrush steppe in southeastern Idaho, USA. Vegetatio. 78: 151-155. [6944]
26. Bushey, Charles L. 1987. Short-term vegetative response to prescribed burning in the sagebrush/grass ecosystem of the northern Great Basin: three years of postburn data from the demonstration of prescribed burning on selected Bureau of Land Management districts. Final Report. Cooperative Agreement 22-C-4-INT-33. Missoula, MT: Systems for Environmental Management. 77 p. [568]
98. Pechanec, Joseph F.; Stewart, George; Blaisdell, James P. 1954. Sagebrush burning good and bad. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1948. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 34 p. [1859]
143. Wrobleski, David W. 1999. Effects of prescribed fire on Wyoming big sagebrush communities: implications for ecological restoration of sage grouse habitat. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 76 p. Thesis. [30180]

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

License:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/

Immediate Effect of Fire

Hood's phlox is top-killed by fire.

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

License:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/

Post-fire Regeneration

More info for the terms: ground residual colonizer, root crown, secondary colonizer

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [124]:
Caudex/herbaceous root crown, growing points in soil
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer (on-site or off-site seed sources)

References:

124. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. FEIS postfire regeneration workshop--April 12: Seral origin of species comprising secondary plant succession in Northern Rocky Mountain forests. 10 p. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [20090]

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

License:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/

Fire Ecology

More info for the terms: caudex, cover, fire frequency, frequency, fuel, fuel continuity, fuel loading, wildfire

Fire adaptations: Hood's phlox regenerates vegetatively following fire and is common in early postfire communities [1,3,31,102]. Hood's phlox sprouts from the base or caudex and survives most fires [143]. In southeastern Idaho's Power County, Hood's phlox emerged from soil collected on burned sites [1]. Postfire regeneration likely includes germination and establishment from on-site and/or off-site seed sources.

FIRE REGIMES: Western sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) and grassland communities are common Hood's phlox habitat. Average fire frequency in sagebrush/grassland vegetation is estimated at 32 to 70 years [142]. However, in the black sagebrush range type, wildfire is considered relatively rare due to the low fuel continuity [128]. Low sagebrush vegetation is also thought to burn less often than big sagebrush types because fuel cover is sparse [129]. In many sagebrush vegetation types including Wyoming big sagebrush- and stiff sagebrush-dominated communities, nonnative cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) is an important associated species. Cheatgrass invasion tends to increase fine fuel loading and continuity [126,130], and has likely increased fire frequency beyond presettlement intervals [99,140].

The following table provides fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where Hood's phlox is important. For further information, see the FEIS review of the dominant species listed below.

Community or Ecosystem Dominant Species Fire Return Interval Range (years) bluestem prairie Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium <10 [76,97] Nebraska sandhills prairie Andropogon gerardii var. paucipilus-Schizachyrium scoparium <10 [97] silver sagebrush steppe Artemisia cana 5-45 [60,101,141] sagebrush steppe Artemisia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata 20-70 [97] basin big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata var. tridentata 12-43 [110] mountain big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana 15-40 [9,25,89] Wyoming big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata var. wyomingensis 10-70 (x=40) [134,144] saltbush-greasewood Atriplex confertifolia-Sarcobatus vermiculatus <35 to <100 [97] plains grasslands Bouteloua spp. <35 [97,141] blue grama-needle-and-thread grass-western wheatgrass Bouteloua gracilis-Hesperostipa comata-Pascopyrum smithii <35 [97,108,141] cheatgrass Bromus tectorum 99,140] curlleaf mountain-mahogany* Cercocarpus ledifolius 13-1,000 [11,112] mountain-mahogany-Gambel oak scrub Cercocarpus ledifolius-Quercus gambelii <35 to <100 western juniper Juniperus occidentalis 20-70 Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum <35 [97] wheatgrass plains grasslands Pascopyrum smithii <5-47+ [97,101,141] pinyon-juniper Pinus-Juniperus spp. <35 [97] Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine P. aristata 9-55 [42,43] Colorado pinyon Pinus edulis 10-400+ [51,56,73,97] interior ponderosa pine* Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum 2-30 [8,13,81] Arizona pine Pinus ponderosa var. arizonica 2-15 [13,34,114] mountain grasslands Pseudoroegneria spicata 3-40 (x=10) [7,8] Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir* Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca 25-100 [8,9,10] little bluestem-grama prairie Schizachyrium scoparium-Bouteloua spp. <35 [97] *fire return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the species review

References:

8. Arno, Stephen F. 2000. Fire in western forest ecosystems. In: Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 97-120. [36984]
11. Arno, Stephen F.; Wilson, Andrew E. 1986. Dating past fires in curlleaf mountain-mahogany communities. Journal of Range Management. 39(3): 241-243. [350]
101. Quinnild, Clayton L.; Cosby, Hugh E. 1958. Relicts of climax vegetation on two mesas in western North Dakota. Ecology. 39(1): 29-32. [1925]
13. Baisan, Christopher H.; Swetnam, Thomas W. 1990. Fire history on a desert mountain range: Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 20: 1559-1569. [14986]
99. Peters, Erin F.; Bunting, Stephen C. 1994. Fire conditions pre- and postoccurrence of annual grasses on the Snake River Plain. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Kitchen, Stanley G., comps. Proceedings--ecology and management of annual rangelands; 1992 May 18-22; Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-313. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 31-36. [24249]
9. Arno, Stephen F.; Gruell, George E. 1983. Fire history at the forest-grassland ecotone in southwestern Montana. Journal of Range Management. 36(3): 332-336. [342]
10. Arno, Stephen F.; Scott, Joe H.; Hartwell, Michael G. 1995. Age-class structure of old growth ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir stands and its relationship to fire history. Res. Pap. INT-RP-481. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 25 p. [25928]
25. Burkhardt, Wayne J.; Tisdale, E. W. 1976. Causes of juniper invasion in southwestern Idaho. Ecology. 57: 472-484. [565]
1. Akinsoji, Aderopo. 1988. Postfire vegetation dynamics in a sagebrush steppe in southeastern Idaho, USA. Vegetatio. 78: 151-155. [6944]
3. Ament, Robert J. 1995. Pioneer plant communities five years after the 1988 Yellowstone fires. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 216 p. Thesis. [46923]
7. Arno, Stephen F. 1980. Forest fire history in the Northern Rockies. Journal of Forestry. 78(8): 460-465. [11990]
31. Clifton, Nancy A. 1981. Response to prescribed fire in a Wyoming big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass habitat type. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 39 p. Thesis. [650]
34. Cooper, Charles F. 1960. Changes in vegetation, structure, and growth of southwestern pine forests since white settlement. Ecological Monographs. 30(2): 129-164. [3927]
43. Donnegan, Joseph A.; Veblen, Thomas T.; Sibold, Jason S. 2001. Climatic and human influences on fire history in Pike National Forest, central Colorado. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 31: 1526-1539. [43091]
51. Floyd, M. Lisa; Romme, William H.; Hanna, David D. 2000. Fire history and vegetation pattern in Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado, USA. Ecological Applications. 10(6): 1666-1680. [37590]
56. Gottfried, Gerald J.; Swetnam, Thomas W.; Allen, Craig D.; Betancourt, Julio L.; Chung-MacCoubrey, Alice L. 1995. Pinyon-juniper woodlands. In: Finch, Deborah M.; Tainter, Joseph A., eds. Ecology, diversity, and sustainability of the Middle Rio Grande Basin. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-268. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 95-132. [26188]
81. Laven, R. D.; Omi, P. N.; Wyant, J. G.; Pinkerton, A. S. 1980. Interpretation of fire scar data from a ponderosa pine ecosystem in the central Rocky Mountains, Colorado. In: Stokes, Marvin A.; Dieterich, John H., tech. coords. Proceedings of the fire history workshop; 1980 October 20-24; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 46-49. [7183]
89. Miller, Richard F.; Rose, Jeffery A. 1995. Historic expansion of Juniperus occidentalis (western juniper) in southeastern Oregon. The Great Basin Naturalist. 55(1): 37-45. [25666]
97. Paysen, Timothy E.; Ansley, R. James; Brown, James K.; Gottfried, Gerald J.; Haase, Sally M.; Harrington, Michael G.; Narog, Marcia G.; Sackett, Stephen S.; Wilson, Ruth C. 2000. Fire in western shrubland, woodland, and grassland ecosystems. In: Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. Wildland fire in ecosystems: Effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-volume 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 121-159. [36978]
102. Ratzlaff, Teresa D.; Anderson, Jay E. 1995. Vegetal recovery following wildfire in seeded and unseeded sagebrush steppe. Journal of Range Management. 48(5): 386-391. [26539]
108. Rowe, J. S. 1969. Lightning fires in Saskatchewan grassland. The Canadian Field-Naturalist. 83: 317-324. [6266]
110. Sapsis, David B. 1990. Ecological effects of spring and fall prescribed burning on basin big sagebrush/Idaho fescue--bluebunch wheatgrass communities. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 105 p. Thesis. [16579]
112. Schultz, Brad W. 1987. Ecology of curlleaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius) in western and central Nevada: population structure and dynamics. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 111 p. Thesis. [7064]
114. Seklecki, Mariette T.; Grissino-Mayer, Henri D.; Swetnam, Thomas W. 1996. Fire history and the possible role of Apache-set fires in the Chiricahua Mountains of southeastern Arizona. In: Ffolliott, Peter F.; DeBano, Leonard F.; Baker, Malchus B., Jr.; Gottfried, Gerald J.; Solis-Garza, Gilberto; Edminster, Carleton B.; Neary, Daniel G.; Allen, Larry S.; Hamre, R. H., tech. coords. Effects of fire on Madrean Province ecosystems: a symposium proceedings; 1996 March 11-15; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-GTR-289. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 238-246. [28082]
126. Tisdale, Edwin W. 1994. SRM 403: Wyoming big sagebrush. In: Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management: 42-43. [43363]
128. Tisdale, Edwin W. 1994. SRM 405: Black sagebrush. In: Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management: 44-45. [43365]
129. Tisdale, Edwin W. 1994. SRM 406: Low sagebrush. In: Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management: 45-46. [43366]
130. Tisdale, Edwin W. 1994. SRM 407: Stiff sagebrush. In: Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management: 46-47. [43367]
134. Vincent, Dwain W. 1992. The sagebrush/grasslands of the upper Rio Puerco area, New Mexico. Rangelands. 14(5): 268-271. [19698]
140. Whisenant, Steven G. 1990. Postfire population dynamics of Bromus japonicus. The American Midland Naturalist. 123: 301-308. [11150]
141. Wright, Henry A.; Bailey, Arthur W. 1982. Fire ecology: United States and southern Canada. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 501 p. [2620]
142. Wright, Henry A.; Neuenschwander, Leon F.; Britton, Carlton M. 1979. The role and use of fire in sagebrush-grass and pinyon-juniper plant communities: A state-of-the-art review. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-58. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 48 p. [2625]
143. Wrobleski, David W. 1999. Effects of prescribed fire on Wyoming big sagebrush communities: implications for ecological restoration of sage grouse habitat. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 76 p. Thesis. [30180]
144. Young, James A.; Evans, Raymond A. 1981. Demography and fire history of a western juniper stand. Journal of Range Management. 34(6): 501-505. [2659]
76. Kucera, Clair L. 1981. Grasslands and fire. In: Mooney, H. A.; Bonnicksen, T. M.; Christensen, N. L.; Lotan, J. E.; Reiners, W. A., tech. coords. FIRE REGIMES and ecosystem properties: Proceedings of the conference; 1978 December 11-15; Honolulu, HI. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 90-111. [4389]
42. Donnegan, Joseph A. 1999. Climatic and human influences on FIRE REGIMES in Pike National Forest. Boulder, CO: University of Colorado. 122 p. Dissertation. [40456]
73. Keeley, Jon E. 1981. Reproductive cycles and FIRE REGIMES. In: Mooney, H. A.; Bonnicksen, T. M.; Christensen, N. L.; Lotan, J. E.; Reiners, W. A., tech. coords. FIRE REGIMES and ecosystem properties: Proceedings of the conference; 1978 December 11-15; Honolulu, HI. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 231-277. [4395]
60. Heyerdahl, Emily K.; Berry, Dawn; Agee, James K. 1994. Fire history database of the western United States. Final report. Interagency agreement: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency DW12934530; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service PNW-93-0300; University of Washington 61-2239. Seattle, WA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Pacific Northwest Research Station; University of Washington, College of Forest Resources. 28 p. [+ appendices]. Unpublished report on file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [27979]

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Successional Status

More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: association, climax, cover, forb, succession

Hood's phlox occurs in early and late seral communities and has been referred to as a pioneer, climax, and invading species [41,84,95]. Hood's phlox is tolerant of grazing and other relatively minor disturbances and is typical in early postfire communities.

Early seral: Hood's phlox is considered a pioneer species in dryland succession in south-central Utah's high plateaus. The Hood's phlox root system tolerates fluctuating soil levels allowing it to occur on dunes formed when sand accumulates around crevice plants and along sandstone ledges [41]. Hood's phlox occurred on stabilized blowouts and stabilized dunes but was absent from unstabilized dunes in southern Saskatchewan. Unstabilized dunes were characterized by active erosion and/or deposition. Stabilized blowouts were round depressions that showed evidence of past erosion but no current erosion. Stabilized dunes showed no signs of recent erosion. The pH was higher, sand content greater, and organic matter lower on unstabilized dunes than on stabilized blowouts or dunes [66].

Late seral: A number of stable, late-seral, and/or climax communities provide Hood's phlox habitat. In Glacier County, Montana, the prairie Junegrass-Hood's phlox association is considered a "naturally occurring topoedaphic climax on moraine summits" [84]. In other parts of western Montana, Hood's phlox is common in Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass communities that are considered late seral [75]. In southeastern Idaho's Craters of the Moon National Monument, Hood's phlox is a dominant forb in stable, undisturbed islands of low sagebrush/Idaho fescue-Thurber needlegrass (Achnatherum thurberianum) that were ungrazed, unburned and considered "pristine" [125].

Response to grazing: Many suggest that Hood's phlox increases with domestic grazing or deteriorating range condition [68,78,83,95]; however, the grazing response is variable. For more information, see Other Management Considerations.

Response to other disturbances: Hood's phlox is typically present in early postfire communities [3,31,102] but is normally absent from severely disturbed mining areas.

Hood's phlox was present on windblown sites in threetip sagebrush vegetation in central Wyoming's Owl Creek range but was absent from mining test trenches dug almost 35 years earlier. The researcher noted that disturbed soil and/or snow pack levels may have affected Hood's phlox's absence [50]. After studying disturbed and undisturbed sites in western Colorado's Piceance Basin where oil shale extraction occurs, researchers suggested that the loss of soil mycorrhizae may affect postdisturbance recovery. Hood's phlox, which has mycorrhizal associations, was absent from disturbed but present on undisturbed sites. Disturbed sites were abandoned roads that had been ripped to a depth of 18 inches (46 cm) three to four years prior to their study. Ninety-nine percent of the cover on undisturbed sites and less than 1% of the cover on disturbed sites was from species with mycorrhizal associations [105].

Degree of disturbance affected Hood's phlox recovery in basin big sagebrush/mixed grass habitats in Colorado's Piceance Basin. Soil disturbance treatments were: 1) minimal disturbance to topsoil (A and B horizons), 2) "ripped" topsoil to 12-inch (30 cm) depths, 3) removal of top- and subsoil (A to C horizons) to 3 feet (1 m) that were mixed and then put back, 4) removal of top- and subsoil in 2 sections to 3 feet (1 m) that were replaced in reverse order. Hood's phlox was absent from sites treated with methods 3 and 4. Relative Hood's phlox cover in successive years following disturbance treatments 1 and 2 are provided below [104].

Treatment 1 Treatment 2 Years since disturbance 1 4 5 6 1 4 5 6 Relative Hood's phlox coverage (%) 6.34 3.81 5.92 8.33 1.14 1.44 3.74 7.52

References:

78. Lacey, John; Mosley, John. 2002. 250 plants for range contests in Montana. MONTGUIDE MT198402 AG 6/2002. Range E-2 (Misc.). Bozeman, MT: Montana State University, Extension Service. 4 p. [43671]
3. Ament, Robert J. 1995. Pioneer plant communities five years after the 1988 Yellowstone fires. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 216 p. Thesis. [46923]
31. Clifton, Nancy A. 1981. Response to prescribed fire in a Wyoming big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass habitat type. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 39 p. Thesis. [650]
41. Dixon, Helen. 1935. Ecological studies on the high plateaus of Utah. Botanical Gazette. 97: 272-320. [15672]
50. Fisser, Herbert G. 1962. An ecological study of the Artemisia tripartita subsp. rubicola and related shrub communities in Wyoming. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming. 166 p. Dissertation. [7440]
66. Hulett, G. K.; Coupland, R. T.; Dix, R. L. 1966. The vegetation of dune sand areas within the grassland region of Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Botany. 44: 1307-1331. [43303]
68. Johnson, James R.; Nichols, James T. 1970. Plants of South Dakota grasslands: A photographic study. Bull. 566. Brookings, SD: South Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station. 163 p. [18501]
75. Krueger-Mangold, Jane; Sheley, Roger; Engel, Rick; Jacobsen, Jeff; Svejcar, Tony; Zabinski, Cathy. 2004. Identification of the limiting resource within a semi-arid plant association. Journal of Arid Environments. 58(3): 309-320. [48505]
83. Looman, J. 1980. The vegetation of the Canadian prairie provinces. II. The grasslands: Part 1. Phytocoenologia. 8(2): 153-190. [18400]
84. Lynch, Daniel. 1955. Ecology of the aspen groveland in Glacier County, Montana. Ecological Monographs. 25(4): 321-344. [950]
95. Parker, Karl G. 1975. Some important Utah range plants. Extension Service Bulletin EC-383. Logan, UT: Utah State University. 174 p. [9878]
102. Ratzlaff, Teresa D.; Anderson, Jay E. 1995. Vegetal recovery following wildfire in seeded and unseeded sagebrush steppe. Journal of Range Management. 48(5): 386-391. [26539]
105. Reeves, F. Brent; Wagner, David; Moorman, Thomas; Kiel, Jean. 1979. The role of endomycorrhizae in revegetation practices in the semi-arid west. I. A comparison of incidence of mycorrhizae in severely disturbed vs. natural environments. American Journal of Botany. 66(1): 6-13. [60502]
125. Tisdale, E. W.; Hironaka, M,; Fosberg, M. A. 1965. An area of pristine vegetation in Craters of the Moon National Monument, Idaho. Ecology. 46(3): 349-352. [2343]
104. Redente, Edward F.; Biondini, Mario E. 1986. Secondary succession patterns in a disturbed sagebrush community in northwest Colorado. In: Schuster, Mark A.; Zuck, Ronald H., eds. Proceedings: high altitude revegetation workshop no. 7; Information Series No. 58; 1986 March 6-7; Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University, Colorado Water Resources Research Institute: 227-244. Available: http://cwrri.colostate.edu/pubs/series/information/IS58.pdf [2006, November 30]. [64732]

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Regeneration Processes

More info for the terms: cover, density, litter, presence, relative density

Hood's phlox regenerates sexually through seed production [95] but can regenerate vegetatively following aboveground damage [1].

Pollination: Most phlox (Phlox spp.) are pollinated by Lepidoptera species. Phlox hoodii ssp. muscoides is pollinated by long-tongued bees [37].

Breeding system: The presence of insect pollinators suggests that cross pollination may predominate.

Seed production: Information regarding Hood's phlox seed production is scant. Stevens [123] reported that 50 seeds/plant were produced by mature, average-sized plants growing in a "low competition" area in North Dakota. Seed was collected in seed traps in harvested singleleaf pinyon-Utah juniper (Pinus monophylla-Juniperus osteosperma) stands in west-central Nevada. Abundance of seeds captured was not reported, and seeds were only collected from western aspects, although there were traps on north and south slopes as well [45].

Seed dispersal: Hood's phlox seed is small [18] and could easily be transported by wind. Small mammals may also disperse Hood's phlox seed [74].

Seed banking: Several studies indicate that Hood's phlox produces a seed bank; however, information regarding seed longevity and persistence in the soil is lacking. Hood's phlox emerged from a bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama (Pseudoroegneria spicata-Bouteloua gracilis) community after treatment with glyphosate herbicide that killed all plants, indicating emergence from soil-stored seed [27].

Hood's phlox emerged from soil collected in a Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis) community. Soil was collected from 4 sites, each with an undisturbed area and an adjacent area ploughed and seeded to crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) 20 years before the study. Seeded sites 1 and 2 were relatively stable, and seeded sites 3 and 4 were being colonized by native vegetation. Hood's phlox coverage and seedling emergence were greatest in undisturbed sites. The relative cover of and relative seedling emergence of Hood's phlox on seeded and undisturbed sites is summarized below [86]:

Relative cover (%)Â¹ Relative seedling emergence (%)Â² undisturbed seeded undisturbed seeded Site 1 0.52 0 0.37 0 Site 2

7.57 0.28 1.13 0.08 Site 3 12.86 0.45 3.16 0 Site 4 2.35 0 0.08 0 Â¹Hood's phlox cover/total vegetation cover, expressed as a percentage
Â²number of Hood's phlox seedlings/total seedlings, expressed as a percentage

A low number of Hood's phlox seedlings emerged from soil collected from 1-year-old burned and unburned sites in Power County, southeastern Idaho. The fire burned in vegetation dominated by threetip sagebrush (Artemisia tripartita) and mountain big sagebrush (A. tridentata spp. vaseyana). Fire characteristics were not provided. Hood's phlox cover was 0.75% on unburned sites and 1.43% on burned sites. The relative density of Hood's phlox seedlings was 0.004% from unburned soil and 0.006% from burned soil. The researcher indicated that Hood's phlox recovered on burned sites primarily through vegetative means [1].

Hood's phlox did not emerge from soil collected from burned or unburned sites in sheep fescue-alpine bluegrass (Festuca ovina-Poa alpina), big sagebrush/Idaho fescue (A. tridentata/F. idahoensis), or bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass-needle-and-thread grass (P. secunda-Hesperostipa comata) habitats in Yellowstone National Park, although it was present in the aboveground vegetation of all sites [28].

Germination: No information is available on this topic.

Seedling establishment/growth: Information on Hood's phlox seedling establishment is limited. However, the following studies suggest that deep litter and/or dense shading restrict seedling establishment. Hood's phlox was restricted to interspaces in singleleaf pinyon-Utah juniper stands in Nevada [46]. Hood's phlox seedling density was 0.7/mÂ² in 1984 and 1.4/mÂ² in 1985 in a grazed bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama range in Norris, Montana. Seedling densities were equal on the two study sites, although one was in poorer condition [27].

Vegetative regeneration: Hood's phlox regenerates vegetatively following fire or other aboveground damage and is common in early postfire communities [3,31,102]. Hood's phlox coverage was greater on 1-year-old burned sites than on unburned sites in Power County, southeastern Idaho, and regeneration was primarily vegetative [1].

References:

1. Akinsoji, Aderopo. 1988. Postfire vegetation dynamics in a sagebrush steppe in southeastern Idaho, USA. Vegetatio. 78: 151-155. [6944]
3. Ament, Robert J. 1995. Pioneer plant communities five years after the 1988 Yellowstone fires. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 216 p. Thesis. [46923]
27. Chadde, Steve William. 1985. Initial recovery patterns of southwestern Montana foothill range. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 103 p. Thesis. [46917]
28. Clark, David Lee. 1991. The effect of fire on Yellowstone ecosystem seed banks. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 115 p. Thesis. [36504]
31. Clifton, Nancy A. 1981. Response to prescribed fire in a Wyoming big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass habitat type. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 39 p. Thesis. [650]
37. Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; Reveal, James L.; Holmgren, Patricia K. 1984. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 4: Subclass Asteridae, (except Asteraceae). New York: The New York Botanical Garden. 573 p. [718]
45. Everett, Richard L.; Sharrow, Steven H. 1983. Understory seed rain on tree-harvested and unharvested pinyon-juniper sites. Journal of Environmental Management. 17(4): 349-358. [35997]
46. Everett, Richard L.; Sharrow, Steven H.; Meeuwig, Richard O. 1983. Pinyon-juniper woodland understory distribution patterns and species associations. Torrey Botanical Club. 110(4): 454-463. [899]
74. Kritzman, Ellen B. 1974. Ecological relationships of Peromyscus maniculatus and Perognathus parvus in eastern Washington. Journal of Mammalogy. 55(1): 172-188. [63628]
86. Marlette, Guy M.; Anderson, Jay E. 1986. Seed banks and propagule dispersal in crested-wheatgrass stands. Journal of Applied Ecology. 23: 161-175. [1526]
95. Parker, Karl G. 1975. Some important Utah range plants. Extension Service Bulletin EC-383. Logan, UT: Utah State University. 174 p. [9878]
102. Ratzlaff, Teresa D.; Anderson, Jay E. 1995. Vegetal recovery following wildfire in seeded and unseeded sagebrush steppe. Journal of Range Management. 48(5): 386-391. [26539]
123. Stevens, O. A. 1957. Weights of seeds and numbers per plant. Weeds. 5: 46-55. [44071]
18. Booth, W. E.; Wright, J. C. 1962. [Revised]. Flora of Montana: Part II--Dicotyledons. Bozeman, MT: Montana State College, Department of Botany and Bacteriology. 280 p. [47286]

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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

More info on this topic.

More info for the term: hemicryptophyte

RAUNKIAER [103] LIFE FORM:
Hemicryptophyte

References:

103. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]

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Life Form

More info for the term: forb

Forb

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Cyclicity

Phenology

More info on this topic.

Hood's phlox begins growing and matures earlier than most associated vegetation. Below are flowering dates by state or region, and by subspecies:

State/region Variety, if applicable Flowering dates California P. h. ssp. canescens May-July P. h. ssp. lantana May-June [94] Nevada April-June P. h. ssp. muscoides May-June [71] New Mexico P. h. ssp. canescens May-July [88] North Dakota April-May [122] South Dakota early spring [68] Utah, northeastern April-July [4] Utah, Uinta Basin P. h. ssp. hoodii March-May P. h. ssp. muscoides May-June [55] Great Plains April-July [57] Intermountain West P. h. ssp. hoodii April-June P. h. ssp. muscoides May-June [37] Pacific Northwest April-June [62]

In central Montana, Hood's phlox growth begins in early spring [132]. In southwestern North Dakota, seasonal development of Hood's phlox was monitored for 8 years. The earliest bloom date was 28 April, and the average earliest bloom date was 24 May. Plants attained 93.3% of total growth in May and 100% of their growth by June [54]. Hood's phlox plants on the Carey Kipuka in southern Idaho are fully grown between 25 May and 5 June [65].

On an experimental farm in Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Hood's phlox flowering dates were recorded for 13 years. The earliest Hood's phlox was found in flower on 30 April, and the latest date of 1st flowering was 11 May. The latest date Hood's phlox was found in flower was 7 July. The average flowering period was 36 days [22]. In southern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta, Hood's phlox growth begins in the 1st or 2nd week in April. Flowers are common in late April; seed is typically ripe by mid-June. If soil moisture is "sufficient," Hood's phlox may flower again in August [35]. A second flowering period is also noted following summer rains in Arizona [72].

References:

22. Budd, A. C.; Campbell, J. B. 1959. Flowering sequence of a local flora. Journal of Range Management. 12: 127-132. [552]
35. Coupland, Robert T. 1950. Ecology of mixed prairie in Canada. Ecological Monographs. 20(4): 271-315. [700]
37. Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; Reveal, James L.; Holmgren, Patricia K. 1984. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 4: Subclass Asteridae, (except Asteraceae). New York: The New York Botanical Garden. 573 p. [718]
54. Goetz, Harold. 1963. Growth and development of native range plants in the mixed grass prairie of western North Dakota. Fargo, ND: North Dakota State University. 141 p. Thesis. [5661]
55. Goodrich, Sherel; Neese, Elizabeth. 1986. Uinta Basin flora. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region, Ashley National Forest; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Vernal District. 320 p. [23307]
57. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
62. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur; Ownbey, Marion. 1959. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 4: Ericaceae through Campanulaceae. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 510 p. [1170]
65. Hugie, V. K.; Passey, H. B.; Williams, E. W. 1964. Soil taxonomic units and potential plant community relationships in a pristine range area of southern Idaho. American Society of Agronomy Special Publication No. 5: 190-204. [1203]
68. Johnson, James R.; Nichols, James T. 1970. Plants of South Dakota grasslands: A photographic study. Bull. 566. Brookings, SD: South Dakota State University, Agricultural Experiment Station. 163 p. [18501]
72. Kearney, Thomas H.; Peebles, Robert H.; Howell, John Thomas; McClintock, Elizabeth. 1960. Arizona flora. 2nd ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1085 p. [6563]
88. Martin, William C.; Hutchins, Charles R. 1981. A flora of New Mexico. Volume 2. Germany: J. Cramer. 2589 p. [37176]
94. Munz, Philip A.; Keck, David D. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]
122. Stevens, O. A. 1921. Plants of Fargo, North Dakota, with dates of flowering. The American Midland Naturalist. 7(4/5): 135-156. [63630]
132. Van Dyne, G. M.; Vogel, W. G. 1967. Relation of Selaginella densa to site, grazing, and climate. Ecology. 48(3): 438-444. [2419]
4. Andersen, Berniece A.; Holmgren, Arthur H. [1976]. Mountain plants of northeastern Utah. Circular 319. Logan, UT: Utah State University, Extension Services. 148 p. [312]
71. Kartesz, John Thomas. 1988. A flora of Nevada. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 1729 p. [In 2 volumes]. Dissertation. [42426]

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Molecular Biology

Barcode data: Phlox hoodii

The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.

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Statistics of barcoding coverage: Phlox hoodii

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 3
Specimens with Barcodes: 11
Species With Barcodes: 1

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)

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Conservation Status

National NatureServe Conservation Status

Canada

Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: NNR - Unranked

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NatureServe

Conservation Status

Information on state-level protected status of plants in the United States is available at Plants Database.

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NatureServe Conservation Status

Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure

Reasons: Widespread in Great Plains and Great Basin on dry, sandy to gravelly soil of prairies and foothills.

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Management

Management considerations

More info for the terms: basal area, climax, cover, density, forbs, frequency, relict

Response of Hood's phlox to grazing as addressed through the following studies
is variable. Some studies compare grazed and protected areas and others compare
intensity of grazing and/or grazing patterns. Likely the grazing animal,
intensity, and pattern, as well as present and past environmental and site
conditions, are important in determining the response of Hood's phlox to
grazing. Studies involving grazing of Hood's phlox habitats are summarized below.

Dakotas: Hood's phlox was absent from protected sites but had
a density of 7.3/mÂ² after 39 years and 19.3/mÂ² after 40 years of cattle grazing in a blue grama-needle-and-thread grass-threadleaf sedge community in southwestern North Dakota. Protected sites had taller perennial
forbs, lower soil temperatures, and lower soil bulk density than grazed sites. Grazed sites had more unpalatable
forbs or forbs too short to be grazed such as Hood's phlox. Researchers considered both grazed and ungrazed
sites to be in near climax condition [20]. In the northern Great Plains, Hood's phlox coverage was generally
greatest under heavy cattle stocking rates on summer ranges, and under intermediate stocking rates on winter
ranges, when various stocking rates and seasons of use were compared [63].
Idaho: The frequency and density of Hood's phlox decreased
after 15 years of protection from livestock grazing in Wyoming big sagebrush/bottlebrush squirreltail vegetation
in southeastern Idaho [58]. Hood's phlox increases were greatest on spring grazed sites at the U.S. Sheep
Experimental Station near Dubois, Idaho. On sites protected from domestic sheep grazing for 14 years, Hood's
phlox increased only slightly. On fall grazed sites, Hood's phlox showed only minor changes [82].
Montana: Cover of Hood's phlox was typically greater on heavily
grazed than protected areas of Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass communities in Montana's Beaverhead National
Forest. Grazed areas were open to cattle grazing for at least 50 years, and exclosures were protected for 15
to 18 years. Sites 1H, 2H, and 4H received heavy use in June and July; sites 5M and 3L received moderate and
light use, respectively, from June through October. Percent Hood's phlox cover is provided below for grazed
and adjacent protected areas [44].
Site1H2H4H5M3LGrazed25.716.12.910.34.9Protected30.15.21.58.85.5
In western Montana, paired grassland plots receiving different levels of use were compared. Cattle were
the predominant grazers. Use by sheep was rare, but use by deer and elk was likely. Hood's phlox cover was
typically greater on grazed than protected sites, and generally increased with increased use. However, not all
sites followed this trend. The percent cover of Hood's phlox is provided below for various communities grazed
at different intensities [92].
Vegetation typeGrazing levelSignificance (p value)noneslightmoderateheavyNeedle-and-thread grass-blue grama----2.50.8----<0.1bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama1.0--------0.8nsbluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama--------1.80.2<0.01bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum
smithii)7.4----12.8----<0.05rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass----1.4----8.5<0.01rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass0.1----1.3----nsIdaho fescue-western wheatgrass2.0----1.6----nsIdaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass0.8----2.9----<0.1Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass5.9----12.8----<0.01Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass----10.410.6----ns

Hood's phlox cover increased on both protected and grazed sites in bluebunch wheatgrass- and Idaho fescue-
dominated grasslands in Meagher county, Montana. Sites were intensively grazed by sheep and cattle before
their protection. Protection lasted 4 years and grazed sites were only moderately grazed by domestic sheep
during this time [135].

Nevada: Coverage of Hood's phlox more than doubled following
30 years of grazing protection in an "eroded" big sagebrush/Sandberg bluegrass community in northern
Nevada. Since the 1860s, sheep, cattle, and horses had grazed the area. The researcher noted that precipitation
levels in May and June were 0.82 inch (2.1 cm) during the 1st year of protection when baseline measurements were
made and 4.2 inches in 1970 when measurements were made on protected sites [107].
Wyoming: Hood's phlox basal cover was relatively unaffected by
grazing in threetip sagebrush communities in southeastern Wyoming's Laramie range. Basal coverage inside the
exclosure was 2.1% when it was constructed and 2.3% thirteen years after construction. Outside the exclosure,
basal coverage was 6.8% in the year of construction and 6.7% thirteen years after [50].
Frequency of Hood's phlox was greater on grazed (76%) than on ungrazed relict sites (54%) in Sweetwater
County, Wyoming. Relict sites were not grazed by any herbivore other than rodents in "historic time."
Domestic livestock grazers and patterns were not reported [87].
Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada: The basal area of Hood's phlox
was significantly (p<0.01) greater after cattle grazing at a rate of 40 acres/head for 6 years than before
grazing in blue grama- and needle-and-thread grass-dominated grassland in southern Alberta and southwestern
Saskatchewan. Differences in Hood's phlox basal area between pre- and postgrazing at rates of 20 and 30
acres/head were not significantly different [29]. Basal area of Hood's phlox was greater on lightly grazed
areas than on areas protected for 33 years on a needle-and-thread grass-blue grama prairie in southeastern
Alberta, though differences were not significant [121].
Hood's phlox basal area increased significantly (p<0.01) on continuously grazed blue grama prairie in
southeastern Alberta and decreased slightly when grazed in a rotation pattern. However, density of Hood's
phlox increased significantly under both grazing systems. Continuous grazing lasted 6 months. The rotational
grazing pattern was 1.5 months use in the spring and 1.5 months use in the fall for 1 year and 3 months of
summer use the next year. Stocking rates were 10 yearling steers/300 acres [120].

References:

50. Fisser, Herbert G. 1962. An ecological study of the Artemisia tripartita subsp. rubicola and related shrub communities in Wyoming. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming. 166 p. Dissertation. [7440]
20. Brand, M. D.; Goetz, H. 1978. Secondary succession of a mixed grass community in southwestern North Dakota. Annual Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science. 32(2): 67-78. [7512]
44. Evanko, Anthony B.; Peterson, Roald A. 1955. Comparisons of protected and grazed mountain rangelands in southwestern Montana. Ecology. 36(1): 71-82. [55519]
58. Harniss, Roy O.; West, Neil E. 1973. Changes in Artemisia tridentata/Sitanion hystrix vegetation on the National Reactor Testing Station, southeastern Idaho, 1950-1965. Utah Academy Proceedings. 50(1): 10-16. [1087]
63. Houston, Walter R.; Woodward, R. R. 1966. Effects of stocking rates on range vegetation and beef cattle production in the Northern Great Plains. Technical Bulletin No. 1357. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 58 p. In cooperation with: Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. [4285]
82. Laycock, William A. 1967. How heavy grazing and protection affect sagebrush-grass ranges. Journal of Range Management. 20: 206-213. [1421]
87. Marquiss, Robert; Lang, Robert. 1959. Vegetational composition and ground cover of two natural relict areas and their associated grazed areas in the Red Desert of Wyoming. Journal of Range Management. 12: 104-109. [1529]
92. Mueggler, W. F.; Stewart, W. L. 1980. Grassland and shrubland habitat types of western Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-66. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 154 p. [1717]
107. Robertson, J. H. 1971. Changes on a sagebrush-grass range in Nevada ungrazed for 30 years. Journal of Range Management. 24: 397-400. [2009]
120. Smoliak, S. 1960. Effects of deferred-rotation and continuous grazing on yearling steer gains and shortgrass prairie vegetation of southeastern Alberta. Journal of Range Management. 13: 239-243. [12267]
121. Smoliak, S. 1965. A comparison of ungrazed and lightly grazed Stipa-Bouteloua prairie in southeastern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 45: 270-275. [12391]
135. Vogel, W. G.; Van Dyne, G. M. 1966. Vegetation responses to grazing management on a foothill sheep range. Journal of Range Management. 19: 80-85. [12263]
29. Clarke, S. E.; Tisdale, E. W.; Skoglund, N. A. 1943. The effects of climate and grazing practices on short-grass prairie vegetation in southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan. Technical Bulletin No. 46/Publication No. 747. Ottawa, ON: Department of Agriculture. [Manyberries, AB: Ministry of Agriculture, Dominion Range Experiment Station]. 53 p. [635]

Source:

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

License:

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/publicdomain/

NatureServe

NatureServe Explorer

Source:
ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.132821

Classification

Other Global Common Names:

Moss Phlox - Spiny Phlox - phlox de Hood - spiny phlox

Synonyms:

Taxonomy:

Informal Taxonomy:

Plants, Vascular - Flowering Plants - Phlox Family

Formal Taxonomy:

Plantae - Anthophyta - Dicotyledoneae - Solanales - Polemoniaceae - Phlox

Ecology and Life History

Short General Description:

Description:

Habitat Type Description:

Migration:

Non-migrant:

Locally Migrant:

Food Comments:

Phenologies:

Reproduction Comments:

Ecology Comments:

Length:

Unit of Length:

Weight:

Unit of Weight:

Conservation Status

NatureServe Conservation Status:

NatureServe Global Status Rank:

Global Status Last Reviewed:

2003-02-28

Global Status Last Changed:

1987-10-01

Other Status:

Distribution

Conservation Status Map:

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Abarenicola claparedi - (Rough-skinned lugworm)
Abarenicola pacifica - (Pacific lugworm)
Abarenicola sp.
Abies amabilis - (Pacific Silver Fir)
Abies concolor - (White Fir)
Abies grandis - (Grand Fir)
Abies lasiocarpa - (Subalpine Fir)
Abies lasiocarpa var. lasiocarpa - (Subalpine Fir)
Abies procera - (Noble Fir)
Abietinaria sp

Phlox hoodii

Hood's Phlox

Data Sources

Table of Contents

National Distribution

Canada

United States

Distribution

States or Provinces

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Description

Habitat characteristics

Key Plant Community Associations

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types

Habitat: Cover Types

Habitat: Plant Associations

Habitat: Ecosystem

Fire Management Considerations

Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire

Plant Response to Fire

Immediate Effect of Fire

Post-fire Regeneration

Fire Ecology

Successional Status

Regeneration Processes

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

Life Form

Phenology

Barcode data: Phlox hoodii

Statistics of barcoding coverage: Phlox hoodii

National NatureServe Conservation Status

Canada

United States

Conservation Status

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Management considerations

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