Leucanthemum vulgare

This introduced perennial plant is 1-3' tall and little branched. The central stem is glabrous to slightly hairy and often angular or furrowed. A small tuft of basal leaves develops at the base of the plant, while alternate leaves occur sparingly along the central stem. These leaves are up to 5" long and ¾" across, becoming smaller as they ascend the stem. The basal and lower leaves are often oblanceolate with slender petioles, while the middle to upper leaves are more oblong and often clasp the stem. Their margins are coarsely dentate, and some of the alternate leaves are often pinnatifid toward the base. The upper and lower surface of each leaf is hairless (or nearly so). The central stem terminates in a single flowerhead on a long stalk that is nearly naked. This flowerhead spans about 1¼–2" across and has a typical daisy-like appearance. It consists of 15-35 white ray florets surrounding numerous tiny disk florets that are yellow. The receptacle of the disk florets is noticeably flattened. Each disk floret has 5 tiny lobes at its apex and is perfect, while each ray floret consists of a white oblong petal and is pistillate. At the base of the flowerhead, are several series of green floral bracts with margins that are brown and membranous. The blooming period occurs during early to mid-summer and lasts about 1½ months. Each floret is replaced by an oblongoid dark achene that has about 10 light ribs. The achenes are without tufts of hair. The root system is densely fibrous and forms offsets from short rhizomes. This plant often forms dense colonies where it is allowed to grow undisturbed.

This is a classic example of a daisy. There are many white daisies that have been introduced from Eurasia as ornamental and herbal plants, although the Ox-Eye Daisy has larger flowerheads (more than 1¼" across). The various cultivars of Leucanthemum x superbum (Shasta Daisy) can closely resemble Ox-Eye Daisy in general appearance. The Shasta Daisy was developed by Luther Burbank from Eurasian species. Its flowerheads tend to be larger than those of the Oxeye Daisy (more than 2" across) and its leaves are less likely to be pinnatifid. In the Shasta Daisy, there is a brown membranous margin toward the apex of each floral bract, while the floral bracts of the Ox-Eye Daisy are brown along the entire length of their margins. Another scientific name for the Ox-Eye Daisy is Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.

Canada

Origin: Exotic

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Present

Confidence: Confident

United States

Origin: Exotic

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Unknown/Undetermined

Confidence: Confident

The Ox-Eye Daisy has naturalized in most counties of Illinois and is fairly common (see Distribution Map). It was introduced into the United States from Eurasia as an ornamental plant. Habitats include mesic to dry prairies (including old cemetery prairies), weedy meadows in wooded areas, vacant lots, areas along roads and railroads, landfills, pastures, and waste areas. This plant is usually found in degraded areas, but it also persists in higher quality habitats. The Ox-Eye Daisy is often grown in flower gardens, from which it may escape. Sometimes the rhizomes survive earth-moving operations, thereby establishing colonies of plants in new areas. Faunal Associations

Leucanthemum leucanthemum (L.) Rydb.:
Canada (North America)
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum fo. leucanthemum :
Canada (North America)
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. leucanthemum :
Canada (North America)
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte:
Canada (North America)
United States (North America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.:
Argentina (South America)
Bolivia (South America)
Chile (South America)
Colombia (South America)
Brazil (South America)
Ecuador (South America)
Japan (Asia)
El Salvador (Mesoamerica)
Guatemala (Mesoamerica)
Honduras (Mesoamerica)
Costa Rica (Mesoamerica)
Mexico (Mesoamerica)
Panama (Mesoamerica)
Peru (South America)
China (Asia)
Russian Federation (Asia)
United States (North America)
Venezuela (South America)
Caribbean (Caribbean)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L.:
Canada (North America)
United States (North America)
Greenland (North America)
Guatemala (Mesoamerica)
South Africa (Africa & Madagascar)
Mexico (Mesoamerica)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

Canada

Origin: Exotic

Regularity: Regularly occurring

Currently: Unknown/Undetermined

Confidence: Confident

European part of the FSU, the Caucasus (except Talysh), Siberia (except northern and eastern regions), northern Kazakstan, Western Europe, Mongolia and northwestern. China. In open woodlands, in meadows, on hillsides.

A native of Europe, in Himalaya cultivated or escaped.

Distribution: A native of Europe, distributed eastwards to Russia, Central Asia, China; introduced and naturalized in N America; cultivated in Indo-Pakistan subcontinent.

Perennial with up to 1 m tall, glabrous or ± hairy, simple or much branched shoots from ascending or horizontally creeping rhizome. Leaves, especially basal and median, long petioled, green-glaucous, obovate-spathulate to oblong-obovate, (1.5-) 2.5-10 (-15) cm long, basally cuneate, entire, crenate, obtusely toothed or deeply pinnatifid, upper stem leaves sessile. Capitula long-peduncled, radiate or discoid, (2-) 2.5-5 cm across, solitary or 2-6 (-10), in lax corymbs. Involucre saucer-shaped, 1-2 cm in diam., phyllaries ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 5-8 mm long, light to dark membranous margined, inner ones with wide apical appendage. Ray-florets, in radiate forms, 12-30, female, fertile, tube winged with 10-25 mm long, white ligules. Disc-florets and marginal florets in discoid capitula bisexual, yellow, 2.5-3 mm long, teeth deltoid, acute. Cypselas variable in size, 2-3 mm long, 10-ribbed. Pappus absent in disc-cypselas, present in ray-cypselas as unilateral, c. 0.3-0.5 mm long auricle.

Perennials, 10–30(–100+) cm. Stems simple or distally branched. Basal leaves: petioles 10–30(–120) mm, expanding into obovate to spatulate blades 12–35(–50+) × 8–20(–30) mm, margins usually pinnately lobed (lobes 3–7+) and/or irregularly toothed. Cauline leaves petiolate or sessile; blades oblanceolate or spatulate to lanceolate or linear, 30–80+ × 2–15+ mm, margins of mid-stem leaves usually irregularly toothed proximally and distally. Involucres 12–20+ mm diam. Phyllaries (the larger) 2–3 mm wide. Ray florets usually 13–34+, rarely 0; laminae 12–20(–35+) mm. Ray cypselae 1.5–2.5 mm, apices usually coronate or auriculate. 2n = 18, 36, 54, 72, 90.

Plant 15-80 cm. Rhizome short, horizontal. Stems leafy, erect, often unbranched. Basal leaves 10-15 cm, petiolate. Stem leaves sessile, toothed. Terminal flower heads 3-5 cm diam., with white rays and yellow disc. V - early spring to mid autumn. Fl - mid summer, in St Petersburg June-July. P - by seed, flowering the year after sowing. Self-sowing plant. Z 3.

2100 m

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 888. 1753; C. leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum Lecoq & Lamotte

Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L., Sp. Pl. 888. 1753; Matricaria leucanthemum (L.) Desv. in Lam., Encycl. Method. 3: 731. 1792; Tanacetum leucanthemum (L.) Schultz-Bip., Tanacet. 35. 1844; Pyrethrum leucanemum (L.) Franch., Fl. Cher. Et Loir. 307. 1885.

The Ox-Eye Daisy has naturalized in most counties of Illinois and is fairly common (see Distribution Map). It was introduced into the United States from Eurasia as an ornamental plant. Habitats include mesic to dry prairies (including old cemetery prairies), weedy meadows in wooded areas, vacant lots, areas along roads and railroads, landfills, pastures, and waste areas. This plant is usually found in degraded areas, but it also persists in higher quality habitats. The Ox-Eye Daisy is often grown in flower gardens, from which it may escape. Sometimes the rhizomes survive earth-moving operations, thereby establishing colonies of plants in new areas. Faunal Associations

“Oxeye Daisy” is commonly cultivated in gardens in hill stations in northern parts of Pakistan and is not eaten by cattle (Stewart, l. c.). In USA, it has become an obnoxious and aggressive weed and quickly establishes in wastelands, roadsides and meadows.

Leucanthemum vulgare (Ox-Eye Daisy) introduced
(Bees suck nectar or collect pollen, flies & beetles suck nectar or feed on pollen, other insects suck nectar; some observations are from Graenicher, Krombein et al., Lewis, Mawdsley, and MacRae, otherwise they are from Robertson)

Bees (long-tongued)
Apidae (Apinae): Apis mellifera sn cp (Gr); Anthophoridae (Ceratinini): Ceratina dupla dupla sn cp (Rb, Gr); Anthophoridae (Nomadini): Nomada articulata sn (Rb); Megachilidae (Megachilini): Hoplitis pilosifrons sn (Rb), Megachile centuncularis sn cp (Gr); Megachilidae (Stelidini): Stelis foederalis sn (Rb), Stelis lateralis sn fq (Rb); Megachilidae (Trypetini): Heriades leavitti sn cp (Rb)

Bees (short-tongued)
Halictidae (Halictinae): Augochlorella aurata sn cp fq (Rb), Augochlorella striata sn (Gr), Halictus (or Lasioglossum) sp. sn cp (Gr), Halictus confusus sn cp (Gr), Halictus ligatus sn cp fq (Rb), Halictus rubicunda sn (Gr), Lasioglossum tegularis sn cp (Gr), Lasioglossum versatus sn cp (Gr); Halictidae (Sphecodini): Sphecodes cressonii sn (Gr), Sphecodes dichroa sn (Gr); Colletidae (Colletinae): Colletes eulophi (Kr); Colletidae (Hylaeinae): Hylaeus affinis cp (Gr), Hylaeus mesillae sn (Gr); Andrenidae (Andreninae): Andrena alleghaniensis (Kr), Andrena ceanothi (Kr), Andrena quintilis (Kr), Andrena rehni (Kr), Andrena wheeleri (Kr); Andrenidae (Panurginae): Calliopsis andreniformis sn fq (Rb, Kr), Heterosarus illinoiensis (Kr)

Wasps
Vespidae (Eumeninae): Euodynerus foraminatus (Gr), Leionotus ziziae (Rb, MS), Parancistrocerus pedestris (Gr)

Flies
Empididae: Empis clausa fq (Rb); Stratiomyidae: Nemotelus nigrinus (Gr), Odontomyia virgo (Gr) Stratiomys normula (Gr); Conopidae: Thecophora abbreviata (Gr), Thecophora occidensis (Gr), Zodion fulvifrons (Rb); Syrphidae: Eristalis brousii (Gr), Eristalis stipator (Rb), Eristalis tenax (Gr), Eristalis transversus (Gr), Eupeodes americanus (Gr), Helophilus fasciatus (Gr), Paragus tibialis (Gr), Sphaerophoria contiqua (Rb, Gr), Syritta pipiens (Rb, Gr), Syrphus ribesii (Gr), Toxomerus geminatus (Gr), Toxomerus marginatus (Gr), Tropidia mamillata (Rb); Tachinidae: Cylindromyia carolinae (Gr), Cylindromyia dosiades (Gr), Distichona varia (Rb), Leucostoma simplex (Rb), Phasia purpurascens fq (Rb), Spallanzania hesperidarum (Gr); Sarcophagidae: Helicobia sp. (Gr), Helicobia rapax (Gr), Sarcophaga sp. (Gr), Sphixapata trilineata (Gr); Calliphoridae: Lucilia illustris (Gr), Pollenia rudis (Gr); Muscidae: Graphomya maculata (Gr), Musca domestica (Gr), Neomyia cornicina (Rb); Anthomyiidae: Delia platura (Rb, Gr); Scathophagidae: Scathophaga stercoraria (Gr); Sciaridae: Sciara exigua (Gr); Tephritidae: Euaresta bella (Gr), Paroxyna clathrata (Rb); Agromyzidae: Melanogromyza aeneoventris (Gr)

Butterflies
Pieridae: Pieris rapae sn (Lw)

Beetles
Buprestidae: Acmaeodera neglecta (McR), Acmaeodera tubulus (McR); Chrysomelidae: Diabrotica undecimpunctata (Gr); Cleridae: Trichodes apivorus (Gr), Trichodes nutalli (Mwd); Coccinellidae: Hippodamia tredecimpunctata (Gr); Scarabaeidae: Trichiotinus piger fp (Rb)

Plant Bugs
Lygaeidae: Ligyrocoris sylvestris (Gr); Miridae: Adelphocoris rapidus (Gr), Lygus lineolaris (Gr), Plagiognathus sp. (Gr); Nabidae: Nabicula subcoleoptrata (Gr); Pentatomidae: Cosmopepla lintneriana (Gr), Euschistus variolaria (Gr); Phymatidae: Phymata fasciatus prd (Gr); Reduviidae: Sinea diadema prd (Gr)

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Acanthiophilus helianthi feeds within capitulum of Leucanthemum vulgare

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Apion stolidum feeds within rootstock? of Leucanthemum vulgare

Foodplant / sap sucker
nymph of Catoplatus fabricii sucks sap of Leucanthemum vulgare

Plant / resting place / on
adult of Chrysolina marginata may be found on Leucanthemum vulgare
Remarks: season: early 8-mid 11,4-

Plant / resting place / on
adult of Cryptocephalus bilineatus may be found on Leucanthemum vulgare
Remarks: season: (5-)6-9

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Dioxyna bidentis feeds within capitulum of Leucanthemum vulgare
Remarks: Other: uncertain

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Haplothrips leucanthemi feeds on pollen of Leucanthemum vulgare
Remarks: season: 5-9

Foodplant / open feeder
adult of Longitarsus succineus grazes on leaf of Leucanthemum vulgare

Plant / resting place / within
puparium of Melanagromyza eupatorii may be found in stem of Leucanthemum vulgare

Foodplant / feeds on
Microplontus campestris feeds on Leucanthemum vulgare

Foodplant / gall
larva of Oxyna nebulosa causes gall of root of Leucanthemum vulgare
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / parasite
sporangium of Peronospora radii parasitises live flower of Leucanthemum vulgare

Foodplant / miner
larva of Phytomyza leucanthemi mines leaf (usually lower leaf) of Leucanthemum vulgare
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / spot causer
embedded chlamydospore of Protomycopsis leucanthemi causes spots on live leaf of Leucanthemum vulgare
Remarks: season: 7-9

Foodplant / parasite
amphigenous telium of Puccinia cnici-oleracei parasitises live leaf of Leucanthemum vulgare
Remarks: season: 7-11
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / spot causer
amphigenous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph of Ramularia bellunensis causes spots on live leaf of Leucanthemum vulgare

Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph of Ramularia tanaceti parasitises live leaf of Leucanthemum vulgare

Foodplant / spot causer
grouped, elliptic, rather pale brown pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph of Septoria cercosporoides causes spots on fading leaf of Leucanthemum vulgare
Remarks: season: 7-10

Foodplant / spot causer
epiphyllous pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph of Septoria chrysanthemella causes spots on live leaf of Leucanthemum vulgare
Remarks: season: 6-11

Foodplant / spot causer
mostly epiphyllous pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph of Septoria leucanthemi causes spots on live leaf of Leucanthemum vulgare
Remarks: season: 5-9

Foodplant / spot causer
epiphyllous pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph of Septoria socia causes spots on live leaf of Leucanthemum vulgare

Foodplant / internal feeder
larva of Tephritis neesi feeds within capitulum of Leucanthemum vulgare

Foodplant / miner
larva of Trypeta artemisiae mines leaf of Leucanthemum vulgare
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / miner
larva of Trypeta zoe mines leaf of Leucanthemum vulgare
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Fl. Per.: May-September.

The following is a representative barcode sequence, the centroid of all available sequences for this species.

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 20
Specimens with Barcodes: 36
Species With Barcodes: 1

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 0
Specimens with Barcodes: 2
Species With Barcodes: 1

Canada

Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable

Rounded Global Status Rank: GNR - Not Yet Ranked

Canada

Rounded National Status Rank: NNA - Not Applicable

Rounded Global Status Rank: GNR - Not Yet Ranked

The preference is full or partial sun, mesic to slightly dry conditions, and a loam or clay-loam soil. This is a reliable and rugged plant.