More info for the terms: climax, constancy, cover, fern, forbs, frequency, hardwood, marsh, natural, presence, shrubs, swamp
Stickywilly is fairly ubiquitous. It occurs in coniferous forests, deciduous woodlands, meadows,
prairies, flood plains, disturbed areas, abandoned fields, and cultivated crops [62,92].
For crop contamination information see [28,36,91,92,124,149,150].
The above ecosystems and cover types are potential stickywilly habitat. The
following plant community and habitat descriptions are those in which
stickywilly was found and noted. Likely these described
plant associations and communities do not encompass all those inhabited by
stickywilly.
Northwest:
In the Northwest, stickywilly is described in coniferous and deciduous forests, shrublands, and
grassland communities.
Coniferous forests:
Stickywilly is typical in mixed conifer/blueberry/American skunkcabbage (Vaccinium spp./Lysichiton
americanus) habitats of southeastern Alaska. Typical conifers in this
vegetation type include
western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), mountain hemlock (T. mertensiana),
Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), and
shore pine (Pinus contorta var. contorta) [93]. On Saturna Island, British Columbia,
stickywilly occurs in habitats dominated by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii),
western hemlock, and
salal (Gaultheria shallon) [145]. In other parts of southern
British Columbia, ponderosa pine is the climax species in communities where stickywilly occurs [168].
Stickywilly is also found in ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa) communities of
Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and western Montana [115,168]. In the
Puget Trough of Washington, stickywilly occurs in Douglas-fir-Pacific madrone/pink
honeysuckle (Arbutus menziesii/Lonicera hispidula) and Douglas-fir-Pacific madrone/salal
vegetation associations [23]. In central Idaho, researchers encountered stickywilly in Douglas-fir/ninebark
(Physocarpus malvaceus) and grand fir/big huckleberry (Abies grandis/Vaccinium
membranaceum) habitats [75].
Deciduous and mixed forests:
Stickywilly is present at frequencies of 81%-100% in Oregon white oak (Quercus
garryana)-dominated sites in coastal British Columbia where blue wildrye (Elymus
glaucus) is also common [74].
On the southern portion of Waldron Island, Washington, a white oak/stickywilly
woodland community type occurs on the southeastern slopes of Pt. Disney [125]. In southwestern Oregon, stickywilly occurs with at least 50% constancy in
Oregon white oak-Douglas-fir/poison-oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum),
Port-Orford-cedar (C. lawsoniana)-western
hemlock/western sword fern (Polystichum munitum), and California red fir-white
fir/deer oak/sidebells wintergreen (Abies magnifica shatensis-A. concolor/Q.
sadleriana/Orthilia secunda) communities [8]. Stickywilly is also
found in Oregon white oak-true mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus
montanus) vegetation types in southwestern Oregon [120]. In green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) woodlands
of eastern Montana, stickywilly occurs at 11% frequency [86].
Shrub- and grassland communities:
Stickywilly occurs in southeastern Oregon's common snowberry-rose (Symphoricarpos albus-Rosa
spp.) [66] and in northern Idaho's bluebunch wheatgrass/Sandberg bluegrass
(Pseudoroegneria spicata-Poa secunda) vegetation associations [48].
Southwest:
A variety of southwestern
environments and habitats is occupied by stickywilly.
Coniferous forests: Stickywilly is
common in several redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)-dominated vegetation types
on northern California's coasts. On intermediate elevation sites where the
dominant understory species is dwarf Oregon-grape (Berberis nervosa), stickywilly
occurrence is greatest. On low- and high-elevation sites where deer fern (Blechnum spicant) and
Pacific madrone codominate, respectively, stickywilly is still present [85]. Stickywilly is
described in spruce-fir (Picea spp.-Abies
spp.) communities in Utah [161]. In northeastern
Arizona, stickywilly occupies Tsegi Canyon's Douglas-fir dominated forests
[59]. Along southern Arizona's San Pedro River, stickywilly
occupies riparian sites with saltcedar (Tamarix spp.),
mule's fat (Baccharis salicifolia), and singlewhorl burrobrush (Hymenoclea monogyra) [140].
Stickywilly is also found in pinyon-juniper (Pinus spp.-Juniperus spp.)
communities of the Great Basin Desert [71,161].
Deciduous and mixed forests:
In the oak (Quercus spp.) woodlands of California's
North Coast Range,
stickywilly occupies several communities identified by the presence of snowberry, orchardgrass
(Dactylis
glomerata), Columbian larkspur (Delphinium trolliifolium), Lewis'
mockorange (Philadelphus lewisii), bladder-fern (Cystopteris spp.),
Sierra gooseberry (Ribes roezlii), varileaf phacelia (Phacelia heterophylla),
and dogstail
grass (Cynosurus spp.) [144].
Stickywilly in the Berkeley Hills, occurs in oak woodlands
dominated by coast live oak (Q. agrifolia), bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum),
California bay (Umbellularia californica), and poison-oak [96]. In riparian areas of
California's Central Valley,
stickywilly is found among cottonwoods
(Populus spp.),
willows (Salix spp.), boxelder (A. negundo), California black walnut (Juglans
californica), Douglas' sagewort (Artemisia douglasiana), and California manroot (Marah fabaceus) [14].
In the Sierra Nevada foothills, stickywilly occurs in chaparral communities
where blue oak (Q. douglasii), gray pine (Pinus sabiniana), interior live oak
(Q. wislizenii), and wedgeleaf ceanothus (Ceanothus cuneatus) are
typical
[84]. In southern California's scrub oak (Q. berberidifolia)
communities, stickywilly occurs with Eastwood manzanita (Arctostaphylos glandulosa)
and chamise [49].
In Gambel oak (Q. gambelii)-dominated sites of central and northern Utah, stickywilly is
common. Other associated species include chokecherry (Prunus virginiana),
bigtooth maple (A. grandidentatum), mountain snowberry (S. oreophilus),
Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum),
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), and bluebunch wheatgrass [80,114].
Stickywilly occurs in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)-dominated
sites of Utah, too [68,161].
Shrub- and grassland communities:
Stickywilly's presence in big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) communities is noted
by several authors [71,114,161].
In Utah's Wasatch Mountains State Park, antelope
bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) and bluebunch wheatgrass are common
sagebrush associates [114]. In California's chaparral communities stickywilly is
common. On Santa Cruz Island, stickywilly occurs in scrub oak chaparral,
chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) chaparral, and hollyleaf cherry (Prunus ilicifolia)
woodlands [18]. Stickywilly is described in grass-forb habitat types in northern Utah
with brome grasses (Bromus spp.), prairie Junegrass
(Koeleria macrantha), and lupines (Lupinus spp.) [68].
North-central:
Hardwood forests and prairies of the north-central U.S. are typical stickywilly habitat.
Deciduous forests: In the bur oak/eastern
hophornbeam (Q. macrocarpa/Ostrya virginiana) habitat type of
the Great Plains Province, stickywilly has 75% constancy [52]. In
southern Wisconsin, stickywilly occurs with sugar maple (Acer saccharum), slippery elm (Ulmus rubra),
American elm (U. americana), and basswood (Tilia americana) [141].
Stickywilly is typical of forests adjacent to river systems or wet
meadows where sugar maple, American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), northern
spicebush (Lindera benzoin), eastern hophornbeam, yellow-poplar (Liriodendron
tulipifera), northern red oak (Q. rubra), white oak (Q. alba), bur oak, shagbark
hickory (Carya ovata), shellbark hickory (C. laciniosa), ash (Fraxinus spp.),
eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana), elm (Ulmus spp.) and/or
basswood may characterize the overstory vegetation [73,76,77,146]. Associated forbs and shrubs may include
false lily-of-the-valley (Maianthemum
racemosum ssp. racemosum), snow trillium (Trillium grandiflorum),
sweet cicely (Osmorhiza
claytonii), poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans),
Canadian woodnettle (Laportea canadensis),
and bristly buttercup (Ranunculus hispidus var. nitidus) [76,146] On
floodplains where stickywilly also occurs, boxelder, cottonwood, willow,
hackberry (Celtis spp.) and walnut (Juglans spp.) are typical [77].
Grassland communities:
In Jasper County, Illinois,
stickywilly occurs in a tallgrass prairie
dominated by big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and
showy partridgepea (Cassia fasciculata) [34]. Stickywilly is considered a "characteristic forb" in a moist switchgrass (Panicum virgatum)
community type
with big bluestem, bluegrasses (Poa
spp.), and Scribner's rosette grass (Dichanthelium oligosanthes var.
scribnerianum) [160].
South-central:
In the south-central
U.S., stickywilly is commonly described in hardwood bottomland forests.
Along the Trinity River of
Texas, stickywilly occurs with an overstory of winged elm (U. alata), post oak (Q.
stellata), and Mexican plum (Prunus mexicana). The understory is Virginia creeper
(Parthenocissus quinquefolia)
and saw greenbrier (Smilax bona-nox) [107]. On the Mississippi
floodplain in southern Louisiana, stickywilly is found in bottomland hardwood-baldcypress
(Taxodium distichum) forests. The dominant overstory species are sugarberry (Celtis laevigata), green ash,
and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua) [148].
Northeast: Stickywilly is described
in northeastern hardwood forests, meadows, and abandoned fields.
Mixed forests:
Riparian areas and
floodplains typically contain stickywilly. In north-central Ohio, stickywilly
occurs in old-growth mixed oak-hickory (Carya spp.) floodplain forests and
in upland riparian
forests dominated by beech
(Fagus spp.) and maple (Acer spp.) [63].
In the Lake Agassiz Peatlands of north-central Minnesota stickywilly occurs
in rich swamp forests. Northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis), black
ash (Fraxinus nigra), tamarack (Larix laricina), and white spruce (Picea
glauca) are characteristic species in swamp forests where stickywilly is
present with low coverages [54].
Stickywilly was a major understory species in oak-sugar maple forests of
southwestern Ohio where both white and northern red oak occur.
Stickywilly frequency was lowest in the youngest stands
(40-year-old), where water content and light levels
were lowest [29]. On the floodplains of the Potomac River
(Maryland side) stickywilly occurs with an overstory of boxelder,
pawpaw (Asimina triloba), hackberry (Celtis occidentalis),
northern spicebush, and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) [116].
Meadow communities:
Stickywilly is
described in wet meadows of Quebec's Huntingdon Marsh near the Ontario and New
York borders. Also typical are bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis), sedges (Carex spp.),
and common marsh bedstraw (Galium palustre) [9].
Old fields and urban communities:
In the abandoned fields of central and western New York, stickywilly is present with
several shrubs including Morrow's
honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii),
gray dogwood (Cornus racemosa), red-osier dogwood (C. sericea), and silky dogwood (C. amomum).
Common forbs and grasses include
Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis),
timothy (Phleum pratense), quackgrass (Elymus repens), and Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa) [101]. In the
Wave Hill natural area in Bronx, New York, stickywilly persists in open woodland
interspaces with
a variety of nonnative vegetation including Amur peppervine (Ampelopsis brevipedunculata),
Amur honeysuckle (L. maackii), garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata),
and Japanese knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum) [171].
Southeast: Stickywilly is typical of
southeastern riparian and floodplain forests.
Deciduous forests:
In northern Kentucky mixed mesophytic forests, sugar maple,
white ash (Fraxinus
americana), sycamore, boxelder, and northern spicebush provide the canopy
for stickywilly [88]. Sweetgum, yellow-poplar, ash, elm, and northern red maple commonly
occur with stickywilly in bottomland mixed hardwood forests in the Piedmont of North Carolina [108].