More info for the terms: association, bog, climax, constancy, cover, density, duff, fire regime, frequency, hardwood, indicator value, mesic, minerotrophic, natural, peat, peatland, phase, presence, softwood, succession, swamp, taiga, tree, xeric
Site characteristics: Bunchberry typically occurs in coniferous, deciduous, and mixed forests, but can also be found in heathlands, barrens, hummocks, bogs, meadows, and thickets [93,95,151,178,222,241,298]. Bunchberry habitats are typically cool and moist (see Plant communities) and occur from about sea level to 5,000 feet (1,500 m) [145,166,222] or higher [50]. Soils in bunchberry habitats often have a relatively thick organic surface horizon [120,150,168], and bunchberry is sometimes associated with decaying wood [162,261,286]; however, bunchberry tolerates a range of soil types and moisture and nutrient conditions (see Soils).
Throughout its range, bunchberry occupies a variety of habitats. Researchers described a wide ecological amplitude for bunchberry in the sub-boreal spruce zone in British Columbia [300]. In west-central Alberta, bunchberry occupied sites ranging from wet to dry, poor to rich, and from 1,600 feet (500 m) to nearly 6,600 feet (2,000 m) in elevation in the Boreal Mixedwood, Lower and Upper Boreal Cordillera, and Subalpine ecoregions [50]. In the Adirondack Uplands of New York, bunchberry was "prolific" in well-drained, mixedwood forest sites receiving full sun to partial shade but also occurred in poorly drained spruce (Picea spp.) and fir (Abies spp.) forests with dense shade [145]. Bunchberry habitats and site characteristics are also described in Plant communities.
Climate: In northern North America, bunchberry predominantly occupies continental climates that are cold and moist. Average temperatures in the coldest month are below 30 °F (0 °C) and in the warmest month generally exceed 50 °F (10 °C). Monthly precipitation can average 1 inch (30 mm) or more in any season. In bunchberry habitats along the West Coast, temperature ranges are similar to those of continental climates, but precipitation in the summer months typically averages less than 1 inch (30 mm) [217]. After evaluating southeastern habitats within and outside bunchberry's range, one researcher suggests that bunchberry is restricted to northern habitats because of its failure to establish on sites where summer soil temperatures exceed 65 °F (18 °C) [309].
Microclimate preferences and tolerances reported from a portion of bunchberry's western range suggest that bunchberry abundance may be greater on warmer sites in its northern range and cooler sites in its southern range. Bunchberry constancy was high in boreal forests of central and northern Alberta, but its cover was significantly greater at central than northern latitudes (P<0.001) [276]. In the central portion of the Cascade Range in Washington, bunchberry occupied a greater range of habitats on the west than the east side. Because of the rain shadow effect, western forests experience cooler temperatures, higher snow packs, and lower evapotranspiration rates during the growing season. In the winter, western forests are warmer, experience less diurnal temperature fluctuations, and have higher humidity levels than eastern forests [61]. In coniferous forests in the central Cascade Range of Oregon, bunchberry was most important in stands with the coldest environments [318].
Bunchberry may tolerate a smaller range of temperature extremes on exposed sites. In northern Idaho, sharp changes in temperature exposure may have caused the "disappear(ance)" of bunchberry after western white pine (Pinus monticola) stands were clearcut. Nighttime temperatures were 10 °F (6 °C) cooler and daytime temperatures were 10 °F (6 °C) warmer in clearcuts than in uncut forests. Minimum and maximum soil temperatures fluctuated 4 to 5 °F (2-3 °C) in clearcuts and just 1 °F (0.5 °C) in forests. The time between clearcutting and bunchberry's mortality was not reported [157].
Elevation: From the few areas for which bunchberry's elevational range was reported, it appears that ranges are similar (from about sea level to 5,000 feet (1,500 m)) in the Pacific Northwest [166,222] and the Northeast [145]. In west-central Alberta, bunchberry occupied sites ranging from 1,600 feet (500 m) to nearly 6,600 feet (2,000 m) [50]. In western Oregon and Washington, bunchberry was most common at intermediate elevations (2,000-3,500 feet (600-1,000 m)) [265,286]. In the southern Rocky Mountains, bunchberry was restricted to high-elevation sites (7,500 to 11,000 feet (2,300-3,400 m)) [116,186].
Soils: Bunchberry tolerates a variety of soil textures and a range of moisture and nutrient regimes. In west-central Alberta, bunchberry occupied sites ranging from wet to dry and poor to rich [50]. A study of the environmental and phytosociological conditions in deciduous, coniferous, and mixed forests in northwestern New Brunswick reported wide nutrient and moisture tolerances for bunchberry [171]. On Newfoundland islands, bunchberry was common on upland and lowland sites where soils were well-drained to very poorly drained [235]. In Gros Morne National Park, Newfoundland, bunchberry was associated with characteristics found in forested areas, which included limited bare ground, low light availability, and soils with moderate to high moisture levels and carbon to nitrogen ratios, and low pH, magnesium, calcium, and potassium levels [242]. A growing guide reported that bunchberry growth was best in moist but well drained soils that were rich in humus and ranged from very to slightly acidic. Bunchberry also grew in sandy soils when moisture was not limited [263].
Bunchberry occupies sites with a range of moisture regimes. In the Adirondack Uplands of New York, bunchberry was more prolific in mixedwood forests on well-drained soils than in spruce and fir forests on poorly drained soils [145]. In the boreal mixedwoods region of north-central Alberta, bunchberry was most common in the dry to mesic part of the moisture gradient but occurred on sites ranging from xeromesic to hygromesic [148]. In the Great Lakes states, bunchberry was associated with strongly leached, sandy soils, and poorly drained, mineral soils [312]. Bunchberry occurred across the range of dry to wet moisture conditions in 102 boreal conifer-hardwood stands in the northern Great Lakes region. Frequency of bunchberry averaged 61% in dry, 24% in dry-mesic, 24% in mesic, 31% in wet-mesic, and 55% in wet stands [188]. In white spruce-balsam fir (Picea glauca-Abies balsamea) stands on the Keweenaw Peninsula in northern Michigan, bunchberry frequency averaged 15% \in dry-mesic, 53% in mesic, and 30% in wet-mesic stands [189]. In southwestern Manitoba, bunchberry occurred primarily on hummocks and relatively dry microsites in black spruce (P. mariana) swamp peatlands [168].
Bunchberry is tolerant of nutrient poor soils but is not restricted to them. In the boreal mixedwoods region of north-central Alberta, it was most common in nutrient-poor sands, but also occurred in mesotrophic to eutrophic, fine-textured and clay-rich soils [148]. In New Brunswick, bunchberry was often dominant or distinctive in balsam fir forests and red spruce (P. rubens) forests on dry soils with poor to moderately poor nutrient levels [28]. In western Quebec's Lake Abitibi region, the presence of bunchberry often represented nutrient-poor and/or xeric sites [22]. In peatlands in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of southeastern Quebec, bunchberry was abundant at the edge of peatlands bordering agricultural fields, where conditions were minerotrophic [150]. In wetland ecosystems in northern Lower Michigan, bunchberry occurred almost exclusively in low-light, forest-dominated wetlands with saturated, slightly acidic to neutral, and relatively rich soils [319].
Bunchberry tolerates a range of pH, but is most often described on slightly to very acidic sites (e.g., [242,319]). In the Lake Agassiz Peatlands Natural Area, Minnesota, bunchberry was more plentiful in rich swamp forests where soil pH ranged from 6 to 6.5, than in poor swamp forests where soil pH ranged from 4.5 to 6 [120]. In New York's Adirondack Uplands, bunchberry grew in soils with a pH range of 3.75 to 5.0 [145]. On the Apostle Islands of northern Wisconsin, bunchberry was frequent in pine (Pinus spp.) and wet balsam fir-paper birch (Betula papyrifera) stands where soil pH ranged from 4.2 to 4.8 [20].
Bunchberry grows on both organic and mineral soils but is often described on organic substrates, such as “raw humus” in western Montana [151], coarse woody peat soils in the Great Lakes states [312], peatlands in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region of southeastern Quebec [150], and black spruce swamp peatlands in the southern boreal region of Manitoba where the peat depth averaged 35 inches (90 cm) [168]. In the Lake Agassiz Peatlands Natural Area, bunchberry occurred on peat soils in rich and poor swamp forests [120]. In Berkshire County, Massachusetts, bunchberry occurred in acidic conifer swamps on a thin, peaty surface layer underlain with shallow, rocky mineral soil [304]. In the taiga of interior Alaska, the quaking aspen-black spruce/bunchberry community type occurred on well drained soils with shallow organic layers (about 5 inches (12 cm)) [80].
Coarse woody debris: Bunchberry is often associated with woody material and found growing on and through tree trunks, stumps, and fallen logs [84,222,261]. In cool, moderately moist coniferous forests in western Oregon, bunchberry was common on thick duff or rotted logs [286]. In young, quaking aspen-dominated, boreal forests near Slave Lake, Alberta, bunchberry associated more with logs and stumps classified as decay class 4 or greater than with forest floor. Decay classes ranged from 1 to 7, and larger numbers were associated with increased percentages of air space or softwood and decreased hardness [162].
Plant communities: Throughout northern North America, bunchberry occurs in coniferous, deciduous, and mixed forests [128,240,261]. It is particularly widespread in the understory of spruce and fir forests [17,147,297]. Bunchberry occurred in 88% of 34 white spruce-fir stands and in 96% of 26 black spruce stands distributed from central Alaska to Newfoundland. Sampled stands occurred at sites ranging from 450 to 4,300 feet (140-1,300 m) in elevation [147].
Bunchberry is more commonly associated with conifers than hardwoods [19,240,299]. When mixed forests were surveyed from northern Wisconsin to Nova Scotia, bunchberry was more common beneath eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) than hardwoods [240]. In a large area of northwestern Quebec that included pure quaking aspen, mixed forests, and old-growth northern whitecedar (Thuja occidentalis) forests, bunchberry was associated with low light levels and conifer dominance [19]. However, when researchers surveyed 231 black spruce and quaking aspen stands in northern British Columbia, frequency of bunchberry was nearly equal in black spruce (79%) and quaking aspen (74%) stands [226], and in the Caribou-Poker Creeks Watershed in interior Alaska, bunchberry was more common in quaking aspen-paper birch stands than black spruce stands [287]. In the Anthracite Region of northeastern Pennsylvania, bunchberry was most common in the ecotone between white oak-red maple and eastern hemlock-black spruce communities [64].
Bunchberry's often greater occurrence or abundance in coniferous than deciduous forest types likely relates more to succession than to intrinsic properties of the coniferous or deciduous species. In many of the coniferous forest types where bunchberry is a common or predominant understory species, deciduous species such as alder (Alnus spp.), willow (Salix spp.), birch (Betula spp.), or quaking aspen dominate following fire or other stand-replacing disturbances [80,81,82,231,292]. Although bunchberry cover can be high in young, deciduous stands (<50 years old) [82,257], it is rarely described as a dominant in these stands. Bunchberry is often considered a dominant in mature, coniferous stands but may be less abundant in the early seral stages of conifer stands. Because of the sparse understory in heavily shaded, late-seral forests, bunchberry's dominance may reflect a lack of other understory species more than its absolute abundance or cover.
Bunchberry is commonly recognized as an understory dominant in habitat and community classifications throughout its range [52,80,148,192,221,233,236,283,285]. Because bunchberry is rarely restricted to particular moisture conditions or soil types [167,221,300,315], it is less commonly an indicator species [105,163]. Generally, bunchberry is likely to occur in the understory of cool, temperate and boreal forest types. However, at specific sites or within smaller geographic areas, bunchberry may be more closely associated with particular overstory species and/or site conditions. The discussion below presents community and environmental relationships reported by local studies. This discussion illustrates the range of species and site charactertistics associated with bunchberry, but is not a definitive description of bunchberry habitat, since these studies represent only a small fraction of the community types in which bunchberry is important.
Western North America: Bunchberry is common in montane forests dominated by western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and in subalpine forests dominated by spruce, fir, and hemlock (Tsuga spp.) [218].
Bunchberry is a common understory species in the following forest cover types recognized by the Society of American Foresters in western North America:
- white spruce, paper birch, and white spruce-paper birch types in Alaska and western Canada [65,316,317]
- Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis)-western hemlock type in the Pacific Northwest [87]
- western redcedar-western hemlock type in Montana and Idaho and east of the Cascade Range in Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia [118]
- aspen (typically quaking aspen) type across western North America [71]
Alaska, Yukon Territory, and Pacific Northwest: Bunchberry is a typical understory species in coniferous forests of Alaska and northwestern North America. In coastal areas of Alaska, common overstory species include black spruce, white spruce, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana), and western hemlock [48,56,233,289]. In a survey of 129 spruce-dominated forest plots on the Kenai Peninsula, bunchberry occurred in 105 plots [233]. When bogs, forests, and forest-bog ecotones were compared in the southeast Alaska panhandle, bunchberry was chiefly a forest species, but bunchberry × Lapland cornel hybrids were common in the bogs and ecotones [207]. In the taiga of interior Alaska, the quaking aspen-black spruce/bunchberry community type was common on sites burned 60 to 70 years earlier. Stands were typical of warm sites on well-drained soils with shallow organic layers (about 5 inches (12 cm)) [80]. On well-drained uplands in southwestern Yukon Territory and neighboring northern British Columbia, bunchberry was the principal understory species in forb-rich white spruce forests [56]. Along the Alaska Highway in Yukon Territory, bunchberry occurred in spruce and lodgepole pine forest types [214]. In western Alaska, bunchberry was sometimes common in northern rough fescue (Festuca altaica) grasslands [114].
Coniferous forests are the most typical bunchberry habitats in the Pacific Northwest, and associated overstory species include many of those mentioned for Alaska and the Yukon Territory but also include Engelmann spruce (Picea emgelmannii), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), Pacific silver fir, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and Alaska-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis) [88,119,123,143,264,273]. Bunchberry was a dominant understory species in the following communities:
- bunchberry phase of the subalpine fir-Oregon boxwood (Paxistima myrsinites) habitat type; an edaphic climax found at 1,200-1,500 feet (370-460 m) on Spodosols or Entisols in the Similkameen Valley [192]
- western hemlock/Alaska blueberry (Vaccinium alaskensis)/bunchberry association in the cooler, moderately moist part of the western hemlock zone in the Gifford Pinchot National Forest [285]
Bunchberry occupies a wide range of edaphic conditions and forest types in British Columbia. Researchers described a very wide ecological amplitude for bunchberry in the sub-boreal spruce biogeoclimatic zone in British Columbia [300], and in northern British Columbia, bunchberry occurred in nearly all moisture and nutrient regimes within the boreal spruce, sub-boreal spruce, northern Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir, and sub-boreal pine-spruce biogeoclimatic zones [21]. Bunchberry was considered "virtually ubiquitous" in the Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir zone in northwestern British Columbia [221,315]. In the Kamloops Forest region, bunchberry occupied habitats ranging from dry to xeric montane spruce forests to moist and very wet interior western red cedar-western hemlock forests [167]; however, in mature, high-elevation forests in the Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir zone, bunchberry was common on moist or wet sites and only occasional on dry or very dry sites [62]. On the south-central coast of British Columbia, bunchberry was most important in ecotone or transitional forests between coastal fringe forests and inland peatland forests. Transitional forests were dominated by western hemlock and were drier than the inland peatland forests dominated by lodgepole pine [153].
In Washington and Oregon, bunchberry was often described in cool, moist forests. The western hemlock/Alaska blueberry/bunchberry association occurred in the cooler part of the western hemlock zone where moisture conditions were moderately high [285]. Bunchberry was an indicator of moist, cool sites in the western hemlock zone of the Mt Hood National Forest [105]. In Oregon's western Cascade Range, bunchberry was common in old-growth stands dominated by western hemlock, Pacific silver fir, or Alaska-cedar that were generally found on moist, cool sites [66].
Alberta, Manitoba, Idaho, and Montana: Canopy associates within bunchberry habitats in the northern Rockies and northern Plains regions of North America are very similar to those already mentioned. Bunchberry was recognized as a dominant in the following communities:
- white spruce-balsam fir/bunchberry-twinflower (Linnaea borealis) community type found at 2,300 to 3,600 feet (700-1,100 m) in the highlands of northern Alberta [1]
- jack pine (Pinus banksiana)/bunchberry community type in lowland areas of the boreal mixedwoods region in north-central Alberta [148]
- Douglas-fir/bunchberry forest type in the Bear Paw Mountains of north-central Montana [236]
In the highlands of northern Alberta, bunchberry occurred in all 30 surveyed spruce-fir stands but had the greatest cover (up to 32%) in the white spruce-balsam fir/bunchberry-twinflower community type [1]. In lowland areas of north-central Alberta, bunchberry was the diagnostic understory species in the oligo-mesotrophic jack pine/bunchberry community type on relatively dry, low-nutrient sands. It also occurred in white spruce-quaking aspen community types on moister, more nutrient rich, fine-textured soils [148]. On Duck Mountain in southwestern Manitoba, bunchberry occurred primarily on hummocks and drier areas in black spruce swamp peatlands where the peat depth ranged from 16 to 79 inches (40-200 cm) [168]. In early-seral, shrub-dominated communities that established after logging and/or fire in the western redcedar-western hemlock zone of northern Idaho, bunchberry was more abundant on granitic than quartzite soils and was more frequent on north- than south-facing aspects [202]. In the Bear Paw Mountains of north-central Montana, the Douglas-fir/bunchberry forest type is considered the wettest of the Douglas-fir forests [236].
Eastern North America: In eastern North America, bunchberry occurs in coniferous, cold deciduous, and mixed forest types. Overstory associates in these forests typically include black spruce, red spruce, balsam fir, northern whitecedar, jack pine, eastern white pine (P. strobus), quaking aspen, or paper birch [54,55,133,137,187,283,320].
Bunchberry is a common understory species in the following forest cover types recognized by the Society of American Foresters in eastern North America:
- red spruce-balsam fir and red spruce-yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) types from southeastern Quebec and the maritime provinces, south through the Appalachians as far as West Virginia [25,96]
- balsam fir type in Quebec, the maritime provinces, northern New England, and eastern New York [179]
- northern whitecedar type in southern Ontario and Quebec, New Brunswick, northern Great Lakes states, New York, and New England [136]
- eastern hemlock type from southern Ontario to Nova Scotia and south through the Appalachians [311]
- jack pine-feather moss (Hylocomium spp.) and jack pine-sheep-laurel (Kalmia angustifolia) types which are widespread in Canada, and also found in Great Lakes states, northern New England, and New York [179]
- paper birch type in the northern coniferous zone of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada [246]
- aspen type (typically quaking aspen) across Canada and the northern United States; the aspen type is the largest forest type in the Great Lakes states [71]
Eastern Canada: Bunchberry occurs in forests [235], bogs [223], woodlands [82], and blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) crops [103]. In New Brunswick, bunchberry was often dominant or distinctive in balsam fir forests and red spruce forests on dry soils with poor to moderately poor nutrient levels [28]. Bunchberry had the highest indicator value in jack pine stands when the understory vegetation was compared in quaking aspen, paper birch, jack pine, or white spruce-balsam fir forest plots in southwestern Quebec (P<0.0001). Light levels were similar among the forest types [163]. In southeastern Labrador, bunchberry occurred in vegetation types ranging from early-seral paper birch to late-seral fir and spruce. Extensive carpets of bunchberry were described in paper birch stands, and scattered bunchberry was described in fir and spruce stands [84]. On Newfoundland islands, bunchberry was common but had low cover in tamarack (Larix laricina) forests on upland and lowland sites where soils were well-drained to very poorly drained [235].
Great Lakes region: Although bunchberry occurs in a variety of coniferous, deciduous, and mixed forest types [320], it is generally more common in coniferous and mixed forests than in deciduous forests. In the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, bunchberry occurred in upland forest types dominated by black spruce, balsam fir, eastern whitecedar, jack pine, red pine (Pinus resinosa), red maple (Acer rubrum), or quaking aspen. Cover of bunchberry was greatest (3.8-4.5%) in balsam fir-paper birch and black spruce-feather moss stands and least (0.2-0.5%) in jack pine-oak and red maple-quaking aspen-paper birch stands [97]. In Michigan, bunchberry was more frequent in northern boreal forest than in southern deciduous forest [189]. Based on his comprehensive study of Michigan flora, Voss [299] reported that bunchberry often occurred in coniferous forests, mixed forests, swamps, and all but the driest jack pine forests, but rarely occurred in deciduous woodlands [299]. Bunchberry occurred in nearly all forest types in Isle Royale National Park, except for the exclusively deciduous red maple-birch forest. Cover was greatest in paper birch-quaking aspen-white spruce and black spruce-northern whitecedar forest types [113]. When vegetation of Isle Royale National Park was classified and mapped in 1999, bunchberry was considered a distinguishing species in the rare red maple-ash (Fraxinus spp.)-paper birch/bunchberry forest type; however, it was not listed among the most abundant or characteristic understory species for the type. Bunchberry was listed among the characteristic or most abundant understory species in the following forest types:
- black spruce/Schreber's moss (Pleurozium schreberi)
- northern whitecedar-(black spruce,balsam fir)/gray alder (Alnus incana)
- white spruce-balsam fir-quaking aspen/mixed herb
- northern whitecedar/balsam fir-mountain maple (Acer spicatum)
- white spruce-balsam fir/Schreber's moss
- yellow birch-sugar maple (A. saccharum) or white spruce
- northern whitecedar-yellow birch
- Canada yew-highbush cranberry-red-osier dogwood-green alder-devil's club (Taxus canadensis-Viburnum edule-Cornus sericea-Alnus viridis-Oplopanax horridus shrubland [283].
In the Great Lakes region, bunchberry occurs on sites that include a range of edaphic conditions, but bunchberry appears to be most common in coniferous stands on sites with mesic moisture regimes. In the Lake Agassiz Peatlands Natural Area, bunchberry was plentiful but had low cover in rich swamp forests and was sparse with very low cover in poor swamp forests. Eastern whitecedar dominated the rich forests on very wet sites where soil pH ranged from 6 to 6.5, and peat depths were 1 to 6 feet (1.8 m). Stunted tamarack was the usual dominant in poor forests on normally saturated sites where soil pH ranged from 4.5 to 6, and peat layers measured 10 to 25 feet (3-8 m) thick [120]. On the Apostle Islands of northern Wisconsin, bunchberry was frequent in pine and wet balsam fir-paper birch stands. In these stands, light levels were high, soil pH ranged from 4.2 to 4.8, and moisture was limited [20]. In a survey of lowland forests in northern Wisconsin, bunchberry's presence was highest in eastern whitecedar-dominated stands that occurred along streams or around springs and lakes with non-stagnant water [39]. In white spruce-balsam fir stands on the Keweenaw Peninsula of northern Michigan, bunchberry frequency averaged 15% in dry-mesic, 53% in mesic, and 30% in wet-mesic stands [189].
New England: Bunchberry was described in coniferous forests, mixed forests, and alpine communities in New England. In Berkshire County, Massachusetts, bunchberry occurred in mesic northern conifer forests and acidic conifer swamps. Swamp soil had a thin peaty surface layer underlain with shallow rocky mineral soil [304]. Bunchberry was also reported in a rare dwarf pitch pine (Pinus rigida) community on Mt Everett in Berkshire County. Harsh edaphic conditions, including shallow, rocky soils, and frequent ice storms were common in the dwarf pitch pine community [201]. Along transects from a stream bank to the center of a bog in Vermont, bunchberry was found within 200 feet (50 m) of the stream but not in the bog. The height and density of black spruce, soil pH, and soil nutrient levels decreased from the stream to bog center. Soil surface water and the water table increased from the stream to bog center [31]. In the central Green Mountains of Vermont, bunchberry was restricted to the red pine/American mountain-ash/bluebead (Sorbus americana/Clintonia borealis) forest type on mesic infertile sites. Bunchberry did not occur in hardwood or eastern hemlock forest types [260]. In the Presidential Range in New Hampshire, bunchberry occurred in alpine vegetation that included dwarf shrublands dominated by blueberries and bog Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum) and snow bank communities adjacent to krummholz vegetation at and above timberline [24]. In the Adirondack Uplands of New York, bunchberry was "prolific" in well-drained, mixedwood forests receiving full sun to part shade but also occurred in poorly drained, spruce and fir forests with dense shade [145].
Central Appalachians: At its southernmost distribution in the eastern United States, Albemarle County, Virginia, bunchberry was found beneath clumps of paper birch at 2,700 feet (820 m) on a north-facing slope, which was drier than northern bunchberry habitats [268].
See the Fire Regime Table for a list of plant communities in which bunchberry may occur and information on the FIRE REGIMES associated with those communities.