Species: Chroicocephalus philadelphia

false - false - true - Migrates most commonly through eastern North America from Mississippi Valley east to Appalachians (AOU 1983). In fall, uses 3 flyways: the Pacific, Mississippi, and Atlantic, with the majority (60%) following the Mississippi Flyway from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico, and the remainder of the population split between the two coasts (21% Atlantic, 19% Pacific) (Braune 1989). Main fall routes through Atlantic Flyway: Saguenay River-Upper Saint John River-St. Croix River-Quoddy region, southwestern Bay of Fundy; Lower Great Lakes-Mohawk River-Hudson River-Long Island, New York area; Lower Great Lakes-Delaware River-Delaware Bay/Chesapeake Bay (Braune 1989). By late July, flocks of breeding birds form on larger boreal lakes prior to fall migration (Johnson and Herter 1989). Fall migration tends to be more coastal than does spring migration.