Agrostis stolonifera

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NatureServe

Distribution

Creeping bentgrass is native to Eurasia and North Africa [59]. It was
probably introduced to North America prior to 1750, and has become
naturalized throughout the southern Canadian provinces and most of the
United States [34,59].

References:

59. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
34. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 648 p. [13798]

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Occurrence in North America

AL AK AZ CA CO CT DE GA HI ID
KY ME MD MA MI MN MO MT NE NV
NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OR PA RI
SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI
WY AB BC MB NF ON PQ SK

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Distribution in Egypt

Mountainous southern Sinai.

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Bibliotheca Alexandrina

Global Distribution

Throughout Europe, temperate Asia, also widespread as an introduced weed.

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Bibliotheca Alexandrina

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis mutabilis Knapp:
United Kingdom (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis langei Nyman:
Spain (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis karsensis Litv.:
Russian Federation (Asia)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis jacutica Schischk.:
Russian Federation (Asia)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis flava O.F. Müll.:
Denmark (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis filifolia Link:
Portugal (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis decumbens Hall. f. ex Gaudin:
Switzerland (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis candollei Parl.:
France (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis bryoides Dumort.:
Belgium (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis aspera Willd. ex Steud.:
Ecuador (South America)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis aspera Weber:
Germany (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis alba var. stolonifera Boreau:
France (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis alba var. stolonifera G. Mey.:
Germany (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis alba var. pallens Gaudich.:
Switzerland (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis alba var. karsensis Schischk.:
Turkey (Asia)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis alba fo. substerilis Zapal.:
Poland (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis alba var. clementei Pérez Lara:
France (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Localities documented in Tropicos sources

Agrostis adscendens Lange:
Spain (Europe)

Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Tropicos does not categorize distributions as native or non-native.

References:

SPECIMEN BASED RECORD. Published protolog data.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA

Distribution

Distribution: Pakistan (Punjab, N.W.F.P., Gilgit & Kashmir); Europe, temperate Asia and North America; introduced in Australia, New Zealand, South America etc.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Distribution

Europe, temperate Asia, N. America, elsewhere introduced.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Morphology

Description

Creeping bentgrass is a stoloniferous perennial, and is sometimes
mat-forming or tufted [19,21,22,23,44]. Culms are prostrate, usually
1.3 to 3.3 feet (0.4-1 m) long [19,21,26,41]. The blades are flat to
folded, 0.08-inch to 0.4-inch (2-10 mm) wide, and 0.8 to 4 inches (2-10
cm) long [23,26]. The panicle is open to somewhat narrow, and up to 16
inches (40 cm) tall [59].

References:

26. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]
59. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
19. Godfrey, Robert K.; Wooten, Jean W. 1979. Aquatic and wetland plants of southeastern United States: Monocotyledons. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press. 712 p. [16906]
21. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
22. Hallsten, Gregory P.; Skinner, Quentin D.; Beetle, Alan A. 1987. Grasses of Wyoming. 3rd ed. Research Journal 202. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, Agricultural Experiment Station. 432 p. [2906]
23. Hansen, Paul L.; Chadde, Steve W.; Pfister, Robert D. 1988. Riparian dominance types of Montana. Misc. Publ. No. 49. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 411 p. [5660]
41. Padgett, Wayne G.; Youngblood, Andrew P.; Winward, Alma H. 1989. Riparian community type classification of Utah and southeastern Idaho. R4-Ecol-89-01. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region. 191 p. [11360]
44. Radford, Albert E.; Ahles, Harry E.; Bell, C. Ritchie. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. 1183 p. [7606]

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USDA NRCS PLANTS Database

Physical Description

Perennials, Terrestrial, not aquatic, Stolons or runners present, Stems nodes swollen or brittle, Stems erect or ascending, Stems geniculate, decumbent, or lax, sometimes rooting at nodes, Stems caespitose, tufted, or clustered, Stems terete, round in cross section, or polygonal, Stem internodes hollow, Stems with inflorescence less than 1 m tall, Stems, culms, or scapes exceeding basal leaves, Leaves mostly basal, below middle of stem, Leaves conspicuously 2-ranked, distichous, Leaves sheathing at base, Leaf sheath mostly open, or loose, Leaf sheath smooth, glabrous, Leaf sheath and blade differentiated, Leaf blades linear, Leaf blades very narrow or filiform, less than 2 mm wide, Leaf blades 2-10 mm wide, Leaf blades mostly flat, Leaf blade margins folded, involute, or conduplicate, L eaf blades mostly glabrous, Ligule present, Ligule an unfringed eciliate membrane, Inflorescence terminal, Inflorescence an open panicle, openly paniculate, branches spreading, Inflorescence a contracted panicle, narrowly paniculate, branches appressed or ascending, Inflorescence solitary, with 1 spike, fascicle, glomerule, head, or cluster per stem or culm, Inflorescence branches more than 10 to numerous, Lower panicle branches whorled, Flowers bisexual, Spikelets laterally compressed, Spikelet less than 3 mm wide, Spikelets with 1 fertile floret, Spikelets solitary at rachis nodes, Spikelets all alike and fertille, Spikelets bisexual, Spikelets disarticulating above the glumes, glumes persistent, Spikelets disarticulating beneath or between the florets, Rachilla or pedicel glabrous, Glumes present, empty bracts, Glumes 2 clearly present, Glumes equal or subequal, Glumes equal to or longer than adjacent lemma, Glume equal to or longer than spikelet, Glumes 1 nerved, Lemmas thin, chartaceous, hyaline, cartilaginous, or membranous, Lemma 5-7 nerved, Lemma glabrous, Lemma apex truncate, rounded, or obtuse, Lemma awnless, Lemma margins thin, lying flat, Lemma straight, Palea present, well developed, Palea membranous, hyaline, Palea shorter than lemma, Palea 2 nerved or 2 keeled, Stamens 3, Styles 2-fid, deeply 2-branched, Stigmas 2, Fruit - caryopsis, Caryopsis ellipsoid, longitudinally grooved, hilum long-linear.

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Description

Tufted, stoloniferous perennial forming a close turf; culms (5-)15-100 (-150) cm high, erect or geniculately ascending, smooth. Leaf-blades 1-10 cm long, 0.5-5 mm wide, flat, smooth or scaberulous; ligule 1.5-7 mm long, blunt. Panicle linear to lanceolate or oblong, 1-13(-30) cm long, open at anthesis, after-wards contracted and often dense, frequently lobed, the branches clustered, closely divided and spiculate in the lower part; inflated tip of pedicel scabrid. Spikelets 2-3 mm long, breaking up at maturity above the persistent glumes; glumes acute, awnless, rough on the keel; lemma 1.5-2.5 mm long, very blunt, usually awnless or with a short awn from near the tip; palea half to two-thirds the length of the lemma; anthers 1-1.5 mm long.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Description

Perennial, tufted, stoloniferous; stolons slender, leafy, widely spreading, developing after anthesis. Culms erect or geniculate and rooting at base, 30–50(–100) cm tall. Leaf sheaths smooth; leaf blades linear, flat or inrolled, 4–10 cm × 2–5 mm, scaberulous, apex acute to acuminate; ligule on non-flowering shoots 2–3.5 mm, rounded to truncate, often lacerate. Panicle narrow, linear to lanceolate in outline, 5–20 cm, open only at anthesis, otherwise contracted, often dense; branches several per node, closely divided, ascending, scabrous, main branch at a node often bare in lower 1/3, but accompanied by shorter branches bearing spikelets to base. Spikelets 1.8–3 mm, yellowish green; glumes lanceolate, subequal or lower glume slightly longer, lower glume scabrous along keel distally, upper glume often smooth, apex acute; callus minutely hairy; lemma 3/4 as long to subequaling spikelet, usually awnless, apex rounded; palea 1/2–3/4 length of lemma. Anthers 0.8–1.5 mm. Fl. Aug.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Elevation Range

2400-3500 m

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Diagnostic Description

Synonym

Agrostis palustris Hudson; A. sibirica V. A. Petrov.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Habitat

Comments: Grows in temporarily flooded habtiats including lakesides, marshes, salt marshes, lawns, moist fields, forest openings, stream sides, and damp fields. Typically occurs at low to middle elevations (FNA 2007).

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NatureServe

Habitat characteristics

Creeping bentgrass occurs in a wide variety of habitats including
woodlands, forest openings, grasslands, shrublands, prairies, sandhills,
meadows, marshes, bogs, vernal pools, and stream and lake margins
[7,9,30,35,36,59]. It is most commonly found in moist places such as
recently exposed sand and gravel bars, wet meadows, and along streams
[4,22,23,24,34]. Creeping bentgrass grows on disturbed sites such as
in ditches or along roadsides, and in pastures and hayfields
[19,23,44,58]. It also grows in salt marshes [7,61].

Creeping bentgrass grows best on moist to semiwet soils, but is
tolerant of poorly drained and subirrigated conditions, submergence,
and frequent flooding [4,24]. It grows best on loam, clay-loam, and
sandy soils, but occurs on gravelly and rocky substrates as well
[4,6,15,24]. It is moderately tolerant of drought [4].

Elevations for creeping bentgrass for several states and provinces are
as follows:

Montana 2,800-7,000 feet (854-2,134 m) [4,24]
Idaho 6,600-7,920 feet (2,000-2,400 m) [10]
Oregon 6,680 feet (2,036 m) [15]
Nevada 6,400-8,480 feet (1,950-2,585 m ) [36]
Utah 3,234-10,065 feet (980-3,050 m) [41]
California less than 3,300 feet ( less than 1000 m) [26]
Ontario 990 feet (300 m) [5]

References:

6. Burke, Ingrid C.; Reiners, William A.; Olson, Richard K. 1989. Topographic control of vegetation in a mountain big sagebrush steppe. Vegetatio. 84(2): 77-86. [11178]
26. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]
59. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
4. Boggs, Keith; Hansen, Paul; Pfister, Robert; Joy, John. 1990. Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in northwestern Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, Montana Riparian Association. 217 p. Draft Version 1. [8447]
7. Caldwell, Fredricka Ann; Crow, Garrett E. 1992. A floristic and vegetation analysis of a freshwater tidal marsh on the Merrimack River, West Newbury, Massachusetts. Rhodora. 94(877): 63-97. [18126]
9. Clark, Ronilee A.; Halvorson, William L.; Sawdo, Andell A.; Danielsen, Karen C. 1990. Plant communities of Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands National Park. Tech. Rep. No. 42. Davis, CA: University of California at Davis, Institute of Ecology, Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit. 93 p. [18246]
10. Clary, Warren P.; Medin, Dean E. 1993. Vegetation, nesting bird, and small mammal characteristics--Wet Creek, Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-293. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 11 p. [21292]
15. Evenden, Angela G. 1989. Ecology and distribution of riparian vegetation in the Trout Creek Mountains of southeastern Oregon. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 156 p. Dissertation. [10231]
19. Godfrey, Robert K.; Wooten, Jean W. 1979. Aquatic and wetland plants of southeastern United States: Monocotyledons. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press. 712 p. [16906]
22. Hallsten, Gregory P.; Skinner, Quentin D.; Beetle, Alan A. 1987. Grasses of Wyoming. 3rd ed. Research Journal 202. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, Agricultural Experiment Station. 432 p. [2906]
23. Hansen, Paul L.; Chadde, Steve W.; Pfister, Robert D. 1988. Riparian dominance types of Montana. Misc. Publ. No. 49. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 411 p. [5660]
24. Hansen, Paul; Boggs, Keith; Pfister, Robert; Joy, John. 1990. Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in central and eastern Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, Montana Riparian Association. 279 p. [12477]
30. Kik, C. 1987. Population responses in Agrostis stoloifera to selective forces in inland and coastal habitats. In: Van Andel, J.; [and others]
34. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 648 p. [13798]
35. Looman, J. 1982. The vegetation of the Canadian prairie provinces. III. Aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation, Part 2. Freshwater marshes and bogs. Phytocoenologia. 10(4): 401-423. [18402]
36. Manning, Mary E.; Padgett, Wayne G. 1989. Preliminary riparian community type classification for Nevada. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region. 135 p. Preliminary draft. [11531]
41. Padgett, Wayne G.; Youngblood, Andrew P.; Winward, Alma H. 1989. Riparian community type classification of Utah and southeastern Idaho. R4-Ecol-89-01. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region. 191 p. [11360]
44. Radford, Albert E.; Ahles, Harry E.; Bell, C. Ritchie. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. 1183 p. [7606]
58. Voss, Edward G. 1972. Michigan flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and monocots. Bloomfield Hills, MI: Cranbrook Institute of Science; Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Herbarium. 488 p. [11471]
61. Ungar, Irwin A. 1978. Halophyte seed germination. Botanical Review. 44(2): 233-264. [19972]
5. Brand, David G. 1991. The establishment of boreal and sub-boreal conifer plantations: an integrated analysis of environmental conditions and seedling growth. Forest Science. 37(1): 68-100. [14408]

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Key Plant Community Associations

More info for the terms: codominant, marsh

Creeping bentgrass occurs in a wide variety of habitats including
pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.), aspen (Populus spp.), fir-spruce
(Abies-Picea spp.), ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa), willow (Salix spp.),
subalpine forest, meadow, and alpine [4,8,12,15,37]. It is an indicator
of riparian community types in the Intermountain region; willows are
usually the dominant overstory species [4,6,15,20].

Creeping bentgrass is a member of the semiarid shrubland community of
south-central Wyoming [6]. It is a member of the northern subarctic
community in Manitoba [53].

In West Newbury, Massachusetts, creeping bentgrass occurs in the
freshwater tidal marsh community on the Merrimack River [7].

Creeping bentgrass is a member of the herbaceous riparian plant
community on Santa Rosa Island, California. This community type is
interspersed with the grassland community type [9]. Creeping bentgrass
is a codominant species in a grass-sedge (Carex spp.) riparian area in
Idaho [10]. In Nebraska, creeping bentgrass occurs in a native lowland
prairie complex with wetland swales [11].

The following publication lists creeping bentgrass as a community
dominant:

Ecology and distribution of riparian vegetation in the Trout Creek
Mountains of southeastern Oregon [15]

Species not previously mentioned but commonly associated with creeping
bentgrass include true pinyon (Pinus edulis), Gambel oak (Quercus
gambelii), oneseed juniper (Juniperus monosperma), water birch (Betula
occidentalis), boxelder (Acer negundo), bigtooth maple (A.
grandidentatum), mountain maple (A. spicatum), hazel (Corylus cornuta),
cottonwood (Populus spp.), red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea),
chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), Baltic rush (Juncus balticus), sedge,
Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratense), fowl bluegrass (P. palustris),
Virginia strawberry (Fragaria virginiana), field horsetail (Equisetum
arvense), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense), tufted hairgrass
(Deschampsia cespitosa), timothy (Phleum pratense), red clover
(Trifolium pratense), white clover (T. repens), broadleaf plantain
(Plantago major), saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), western aster (Aster
occidentalis), Rocky Mountain iris (Iris missouriensis), longleaf phlox
(Phlox longifolia), bush cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa), Wood's rose
(Rosa woodsii), bearberry honeysuckle (Lonicera involucrata), and
western yarrow (Achillea millefolium) [6,9,10,13,22].

References:

6. Burke, Ingrid C.; Reiners, William A.; Olson, Richard K. 1989. Topographic control of vegetation in a mountain big sagebrush steppe. Vegetatio. 84(2): 77-86. [11178]
4. Boggs, Keith; Hansen, Paul; Pfister, Robert; Joy, John. 1990. Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in northwestern Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, Montana Riparian Association. 217 p. Draft Version 1. [8447]
7. Caldwell, Fredricka Ann; Crow, Garrett E. 1992. A floristic and vegetation analysis of a freshwater tidal marsh on the Merrimack River, West Newbury, Massachusetts. Rhodora. 94(877): 63-97. [18126]
8. Chambers, Jeanne C.; Sidle, Roy C.; Grant, C. Val. 1989. Relationships among soil deposition patterns, soil physical and chemical properties & plant metal uptake on an abandoned zinc-lead tailings pond. In: Walker, D. G.; Powter, C. B.; Pole, M. W., compilers. Reclamation, a global perspective: Proceedings of the conference; 1989 August 27-31; Calgary, AB. Edmonton, AB: Alberta Land Conservation and Reclamation Council: 403-414. [14345]
9. Clark, Ronilee A.; Halvorson, William L.; Sawdo, Andell A.; Danielsen, Karen C. 1990. Plant communities of Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands National Park. Tech. Rep. No. 42. Davis, CA: University of California at Davis, Institute of Ecology, Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit. 93 p. [18246]
10. Clary, Warren P.; Medin, Dean E. 1993. Vegetation, nesting bird, and small mammal characteristics--Wet Creek, Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-293. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 11 p. [21292]
11. Currier, Paul J. 1989. Plant species composition and groundwater levels in a Platte River wet meadow. In: Bragg, Thomas B.; Stubbendieck, James, eds. Prairie pioneers: ecology, history and culture: Proceedings, 11th North American prairie conference; 1988 August 7-11; Lincoln, NE. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska: 19-24. [14013]
12. DeSelm, H. R.; Boner, R. R. 1984. Understory changes in spruce-fir during the first 16-20 years following the death of fir. In: White, Peter S., ed. Southern Appalachian spruce-fir ecosystem: its biology and threats. Research/Resources Management Report SER-71. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Southeast Region: 51-69. [21927]
13. Ehleringer, James R.; Arnow, Lois A.; Arnow, Ted; [and others]
15. Evenden, Angela G. 1989. Ecology and distribution of riparian vegetation in the Trout Creek Mountains of southeastern Oregon. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 156 p. Dissertation. [10231]
20. Goodrich, Sherel. 1992. Summary flora of riparian shrub communities of the Intermountain region with emphasis on willows. In: Clary, Warren P.; McArthur, E. Durant; Bedunah, Don; Wambolt, Carl L., compilers. Proceedings--symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities; 1991 May 29-31; Sun Valley, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-289. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 62-67. [19097]
22. Hallsten, Gregory P.; Skinner, Quentin D.; Beetle, Alan A. 1987. Grasses of Wyoming. 3rd ed. Research Journal 202. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, Agricultural Experiment Station. 432 p. [2906]
37. Marlow, Clayton B; Pogacnik, Thomas M; Quinsey, Shannon D. 1987. Streambank stability and cattle grazing in southwestern Montana. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 42(4): 291-296. [2888]
53. Staniforth, Richard J.; Scott, Peter A. 1991. Dynamics of weed populations in a northern subarctic community. Canadian Journal of Botany. 69: 814-821. [14944]

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Habitat: Plant Associations

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: bog, shrub

K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K025 Alder - ash forest
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K031 Oak - juniper woodlands
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K040 Saltbush - greasewood
K047 Fescue - oatgrass
K049 Tule marshes
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
K074 Bluestem prairie
K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K097 Southeastern spruce - fir forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest

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Habitat: Ecosystem

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES44 Alpine

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Habitat

Damp soils.

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Bibliotheca Alexandrina

Habitat & Distribution

Moist places along roadsides. Anhui, Gansu, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Xizang, Yunnan [Bhutan, India, Japan, Mongolia, Nepal, Russia; C and SW Asia, Europe].

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BioImages - the Virtual Fieldguide (UK)

Rights Holder:

Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Associations

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
Blumeria graminis parasitises live Agrostis stolonifera

Plant / resting place / on
puparium of Cerodontha flavocingulata may be found on leaf of Agrostis stolonifera
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / spot causer
immersed pseudothecium of Didymella hebridensis causes spots on dying leaf of Agrostis stolonifera
Remarks: season: 8

Foodplant / parasite
colony of Dreschler dematiaceous anamorph of Drechslera fugax parasitises live Agrostis stolonifera

Foodplant / gall
stroma of Epichlo causes gall of stem of Agrostis stolonifera
Remarks: season: fertile in 8

Foodplant / saprobe
Alternaria dematiaceous anamorph of Lewia infectoria is saprobic on dead, fungus infected Agrostis stolonifera

Foodplant / spot causer
colony of Mastigosporium anamorph of Mastigosporium rubricosum causes spots on live leaf of Agrostis stolonifera

Foodplant / pathogen
Meloidogyne minor infects and damages yellow patch of Agrostis stolonifera

Foodplant / pathogen
Fusarium anamorph of Monographella nivalis infects and damages leaf sheath (usually close to stem base) of Agrostis stolonifera
Remarks: season: mainly 10-3
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous telium of Puccinia coronata parasitises live leaf of Agrostis stolonifera
Remarks: season: mid 8-

Foodplant / parasite
uredium of Puccinia graminis f.sp. agrostidis parasitises live stem of Agrostis stolonifera

Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous, subepidermal telium of Puccinia recondita parasitises live leaf of Agrostis stolonifera

Foodplant / spot causer
immersed, thin, subcuticular stromatic plates of Rhynchosporium coelomycetous anamorph of Rhynchosporium orthosporum causes spots on live sheath of Agrostis stolonifera

Foodplant / pathogen
internal sorus of Tilletia sphaerococca infects and damages ovary of Agrostis stolonifera
Remarks: season: 9-10

Foodplant / saprobe
fruitbody of Typhula incarnata is saprobic on dying stem of Agrostis stolonifera

Foodplant / spot causer
long, linear, erumpent sorus of Urocystis agropyri causes spots on live, blistered leaf of Agrostis stolonifera

Foodplant / parasite
embedded sorus of Urocystis agrostidis parasitises live culm of Agrostis stolonifera

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

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BioImages

General Ecology

Plant Response to Fire

More info for the terms: mesic, swale

In 1972, prescription burning at the Buffalo River State Park in
northwest New Mexico was initiated as a tallgrass prairie management and
restoration technique. The response of creeping bentgrass to burning
varied with the site. On a nearly level mesic site in a badly disturbed
prairie, stimulation of flowering occurred at postfire year 1.
Inhibition of flowering occurred, however, on a wet swale site in an
undisturbed prairie [42].

In 1950, a fire burned 1,000,000 acres (400,000 ha) of woodland in
Alberta and British Columbia. Creeping bentgrass established on plots
where seeded species did not produce full stands [2].

References:

2. Anderson, C. H.; Elliott, C. R. 1957. Studies on the establishment of cultivated grasses and legumes on burned-over land in northern Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 37: 97-101. [12821]
42. Pemble, R. H.; Van Amburg, G. L.; Mattson, Lyle. 1981. Intraspecific variation in flowering activity following a spring burn on a northwestern Minnesota prairie. In: Stuckey, Ronald L.; Reese, Karen J., eds. The prairie peninsula--in the "shadow" of Transeau: Proceedings, 6th North American prairie conference; 1978 August 12-17; Columbus, OH. Ohio Biological Survey: Biological Notes No. 15. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University, College of Biological Sciences: 235-240. [3435]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Immediate Effect of Fire

Creeping bentgrass is probably top-killed by fire, as are most grasses.
Specific fire effects on creeping bentgrass are not described in the
literature.

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Post-fire Regeneration

More info for the terms: graminoid, secondary colonizer

Tussock graminoid
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer - on-site seed

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Fire Ecology

Creeping bentgrass has fair tolerance to fire [62]. No information was
available in the literature concerning creeping bentgrass fire ecology
or adaptations. However, a similar species, ticklegrass (Agrostis
scabra), colonizes bare mineral soil on recently burned sites and may
store seeds in the soil for short durations, allowing for early
establishment of areas burned in the spring (see the FEIS write-up for
Agrostis scabra). The stolons are probably killed by moderately severe
and severe fires.

References:

62. Wasser, Clinton H. 1982. Ecology and culture of selected species useful in revegetating disturbed lands in the West. FWS/OBS-82/56. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, Western Energy and Land Use Team. 347 p. Available from NTIS, Springfield, VA 22161; PB-83-167023. [2458]

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Successional Status

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Facultative Seral Species

Creeping bentgrass is generally a pioneer or invader species [4,15,36],
but is tolerant of semishaded environments [62]. It is a facultative
wetland species in Montana and California [36,46]. It is a member of
the creeping bentgrass community type in riparian areas of Montana that
will eventually be taken over by later successional species [4,24].
Creeping bentgrass may persist under a regime of repeated fluvial
disturbance in wetland riparian areas of Montana [25]. In Oregon,
creeping bentgrass is an early successional species that colonizes
low-lying gravel bars and newly formed depositional surfaces [15]. In
Nevada, it is an increaser on moist sites; the creeping bentgrass
community type probably resulted because of past heavy grazing levels.
It may have replaced communities dominated by tufted hairgrass [36].

References:

4. Boggs, Keith; Hansen, Paul; Pfister, Robert; Joy, John. 1990. Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in northwestern Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, Montana Riparian Association. 217 p. Draft Version 1. [8447]
15. Evenden, Angela G. 1989. Ecology and distribution of riparian vegetation in the Trout Creek Mountains of southeastern Oregon. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 156 p. Dissertation. [10231]
24. Hansen, Paul; Boggs, Keith; Pfister, Robert; Joy, John. 1990. Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in central and eastern Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, Montana Riparian Association. 279 p. [12477]
25. Hansen, Paul L. 1992. Classification and management of riparian-wetland shrub sites in Montana. In: Clary, Warren P.; McArthur, E. Durant; Bedunah, Don; Wambolt, Carl L., compilers. Proceedings--symposium on ecology and management of riparian shrub communities; 1991 May 29-31; Sun Valley, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-289. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 68-78. [19098]
36. Manning, Mary E.; Padgett, Wayne G. 1989. Preliminary riparian community type classification for Nevada. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region. 135 p. Preliminary draft. [11531]
46. Reed, Porter B., Jr. 1988. National list of plant species that occur in wetlands: California (Region O). Biological Report 88(26.10). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. In cooperation with: National and Regional Interagency Review Panels. 135 p. [9312]
62. Wasser, Clinton H. 1982. Ecology and culture of selected species useful in revegetating disturbed lands in the West. FWS/OBS-82/56. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, Western Energy and Land Use Team. 347 p. Available from NTIS, Springfield, VA 22161; PB-83-167023. [2458]

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Regeneration Processes

Creeping bentgrass reproduces by seed and by stolons [14,53]. It can
set seed in one growing season, thus sometimes functioning as an annual.
In southern Ontario, creeping bentgrass seed has a 52 percent
germination rate after 30 days under approximate optimal germination
conditions; seeds were cold stratified for 9 months prior to planting
[53]. Grasses in the genus Agrostis are seed-banking species [60]. In
pastures and meadows of Europe, creeping bentgrass seeds can survive in
the soil for at least 1 year [48]. In a northern subarctic community in
Manitoba, Canada, creeping bentgrass is a persistent perennial that
spreads vegetatively to form clumps or large patches but sometimes fails
to reproduce by seed, although flowering is observed [53].

References:

14. Eriksson, O. 1989. Seedling dynamics and life histories in clonal plants. Oikos. 55: 231-238. [10322]
48. Roberts, H. A. 1981. Seed banks in soils. Applied Biology. 5: 1-55. [2002]
53. Staniforth, Richard J.; Scott, Peter A. 1991. Dynamics of weed populations in a northern subarctic community. Canadian Journal of Botany. 69: 814-821. [14944]
60. Thompson, K. 1987. Seeds and seed banks. New Phytologist. 106: 23-34. [20653]

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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

More info for the terms: geophyte, hemicryptophyte

Hemicryptophyte
Geophyte

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Life Form

More info for the term: graminoid

Graminoid

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Fire Management Considerations

Since creeping bentgrass is considered an increaser species when
overgrazed, fire plans may have to be coordinated with grazing
management to ensure seedling establishment or inhibition.

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Cyclicity

Phenology

USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Creeping bentgrass flowers from June to August in the Upper Great Plains
[21]. It flowers from June to October in the Carolinas [44].

References:

21. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
44. Radford, Albert E.; Ahles, Harry E.; Bell, C. Ritchie. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. 1183 p. [7606]

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Flower/Fruit

Fl. & Fr. Per. : July-August.

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Rights Holder:

Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA

Life Expectancy

Perennial.

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Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLD)

Rights Holder:

Bibliotheca Alexandrina

Molecular Biology

Statistics of barcoding coverage: Agrostis stolonifera

Barcode of Life Data Systems (BOLDS) Stats
Public Records: 40
Specimens with Barcodes: 49
Species With Barcodes: 1

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http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Rights Holder:

Barcode of Life Data Systems

Conservation Status

National NatureServe Conservation Status

Canada

Rounded National Status Rank: N5 - Secure

United States

Rounded National Status Rank: NNR - Unranked

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Rights Holder:

NatureServe

NatureServe Conservation Status

Rounded Global Status Rank: G5 - Secure

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USDA Forest Service Fire Effects Information Service

Rights Holder:

NatureServe

Management

Management considerations

More info for the term: stolon

Overgrazing on sites formerly dominated by native grasses produces
changes in vegetational communities. Once a suitable site is disturbed,
the extensive stolon system of creeping bentgrass allows it to rapidly
spread and establish. It also withstands high levels of grazing, making
replacement with former dominants difficult [24].

Creeping bentgrass is tolerant of close grazing due to its somewhat
prostrate growth form, rhizomatous growth habit, and lower palatability
than associated species. If creeping bentgrass is used as a pasture
grass, close grazing followed by rest in a rotation system is
recommended to keep plants producing palatable forage all season.
Plants should be cut during early flowering to obtain highest quality
hay [23,24].

Creeping bentgrass readily colonizes areas disturbed by logging,
plowing, burning, or excessive grazing [23,56].

References:

23. Hansen, Paul L.; Chadde, Steve W.; Pfister, Robert D. 1988. Riparian dominance types of Montana. Misc. Publ. No. 49. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 411 p. [5660]
24. Hansen, Paul; Boggs, Keith; Pfister, Robert; Joy, John. 1990. Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in central and eastern Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, Montana Riparian Association. 279 p. [12477]
56. Thompson, K.; Grime, J. P. 1979. Seasonal variation in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats. Journal of Ecology. 67: 893-921. [90]

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Benefits

Economic Uses

Comments: Popular turf grass, especially for golf courses (Esser 1994).

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